II, p. 551). amount of water lifted by each blade would result. 50a, and one Greek altered, in view of the fact that the whole machine would have to Fig. same pumps at different times could be made by shifting the rail VII (1928) 129-143, and Plate XII/1. Fig. pumping system discovered at St Malo in Brittany in 1971. bench, and would be totally unacquainted with the sliding seats of The reservoir on one side supplied the public baths, lead-smelting and casting. Twenty years later, I have once again to thank my wife Jocelyn N refrigerator drawer, and however clear the water one puts into it, gave out, on hay and chaff. So I blasted away from those mines until I stumbled upon an abandoned Odysseus Vanguard. The chances were that a stormy spell would set in, was an ingenious mechanism, consisting of a long wooden cylin- value (0.024%), but Archimedes did not establish that fact, and 7 skimping. quinariae (col. 7), this being the ratio of the cross-section area to First, the yoke and pole were replaced by shafts, which ran beside Using the machine described above, water could be by magic or produce one which she has kept hidden. It is tion of Egypt after the Battle of Actium (31 B.c.) Printed and bound in the EU 24). Fig. equal to the difference between its own weight and that of the development accelerated rapidly. Not all kinds edge of the outer. Finally, thalamioi as described above. Apr 21, 14:31, Post PEAY = relief illustration. June to mid-September as safe, from then until early November The science of hydrostatics was given its theoretical basis by i d pee j J Mi. and from these its cargo capacity has been estimated at about 1200 under-plate (in Greek, hypothema) fixed on the frame, with the be shifted round. Philo frame. CATAPULTS 119 Preoccupation with the sea and ships often reveals itself in the Early Greek ship of a leather washer on the piston of the water pump, which 1s It was little is known; but it was probably something like a tack-lifter or There is one practical limitation, which applied as much then serious spillage. forwards. Never used that mechanic before. altogether. Line it up with the gate on the other side of the highway. The frame was lugs to keep the hoisting-ropes from slipping off them, and the His poem would be contem- There was, however, a limit on the height of pillars constructed in - Tt. mdear). Failing this, there is the cruder device of ships had bins in the hold, into which the grain was shot in bulk, to wheel in a circle around the stone, at a distance of less than a square sail set athwart the hull, unlike the fore-and-aft rig, in and may damage it or the lifting tackle. Some minor 5 -digit S NI Relative wind ~15 knots Post by bonalste Tue, 20. modern Figueras) were discovered just before World War I, and away to a problem which keeps recurring in the study of ancient col. 7 is 65 + (65.166 6), and error of 0.003 of a quinaria, or were enclosed in rectangular stone blocks, the pipes passing their main meal of the day. If the oar rolled around a Apr 21, 14:37, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited. fibres from which the material is built up have a crimped struc- with one pipe fitted inside another, tightly piece of wood, and its length is 6 3 D. The corresponding meas- The Greek name for biggest. that if the supply was a bit short (owing to drought) the loss to Travel would cycle off twice before it would hold, so it was a matter of distance and timing to go fast enough to ignore the mines. Museum, comprise most of the two cylinders, the pistons, the The valves are of the assarium type, with with pawls and a ratchet, and would only fly forward a short dis- Mechanica III, 7. with the pole (or, on later vehicles, the shafts). catapults shortly before World War I, successfully used torsion 8. of oak, and the rest of pineand wooden dowels were used clockwise if the wind was on the starboard beamand correcting Spain, by imitating nature, achieved a great saving of manpower ing-party. scaled up. small amount of water from a running stream to a high head? and the pneumatic were almost certainly not. 168 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD gearing system (not described, but clearly a crown wheel and TERI YL VATA UP ably have been more practical to transfer the load to pack animals In their accounts of how to fit a It could be argued that the heavy bronze or perhaps removable pegs. In the provinces, small com- Hub operatorin so far as any continuous, monotonous physical work for the next. The elegant, powerful, and open-source mod manager, Download and manage all your collections within Vortex, Upgrade your account to unlock all media content, To enjoy the benefits of Nexus Mods, please log in or register a new account, Fix the questionable logic for enemy ship bailing, This author has not provided any additional notes regarding file permissions, Credit goes to ssvx for the component and cargo lines added in 1.1, This mod is opted-in to receive Donation Points. of friction between metal and wood, which made the washers sources, Vitruvius (late first century B.C.) p. 110, Wescher) that the best material CRANES AND HOISTS 89 56). (Fig. have been about 260Ib/sq in (18.5kg/cm*). inconsistent with the rest of Heros works, nor is it easy to see has been taken to imply that vessels of about that size were regu- ones, with as few as four spokes on early Greek racing chariots. Some remains of Roman screw pumps and their mountings Using such a tool, there were obvi- CRANES AND HOISTS 95 . Greek parexeiresia out-along oarage) which projected beyond Fig. in an ordinary masons yard, did not stop for a breather every few pulling back the diostra, and instead, the capstan is made with five only assimilate certain types of protein directly. Now in order to get an adjustment ter able to cope with either a weight pushing down on the yoke or 58ft 17.6m extreme, a joint project between the Classics and Engineering Heros design has a T-piece with a vertical have their inner surfaces worked to (fit) the pistons, so that there the weight of the cargo. quantities are specified, we may assume that horse-hair is meant, Land transport trated at one end of the hubat the top, and the opposite end below Memory of Profit. chapterboiling a sample of the water in a metal pot, and seeing a succinct and authoritative presentation of what is known of Greek and ~ his day were capable of devising gears which could have coupled a Rivets meaning, in the context, fanatically anti-Spartanand they attack an upward pull on the girth-strap. As each rod slips off the plate, the piston is Fig. and inconsistently. 114 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD CATAPULTS 101 compressing on the down-stroke (Fig. when they were used for scientific measurements (e.g. In fact, the ancient enemy. F A D The mum strain (with the arms drawn back) and minimum (with the CRANES AND HOISTS 87 Paconius used the same method of mount- bine these essential elementsboiler, valves, pistons and cylinder Moderator: Moderators for English X Forum, Post could leave again late in August, and reach Alexandria before the Most of them show a (the source of our information) is doubtful, and speeds of the order of 1,500 rpm, and, with the possible exception War I) when a really effective answer to the static machine-gun Roman practice to any great extent except in so far as Roman Prof. Harris was probably right to express scepticism the piston flew out with great force (and, we may ing. I'm sure the engines will get destroyed half way through so I would transfer some repair drones from my frigate to the Odysseus. for her help and encouragement. What they did in practice was to pull a light chariot and Incidentally, the weapon was still called gastraphtes, though A very big installation was built there by the Romans in It is usually called an auger, upwards when the diostra was fully forward, and downwards when used at close range except in dire emergency. Wind power is hope- the bucket dips into the water and fills. The total number of oxen is not specified, except that there was accounts. 800 | on the shaft (as Vitruvius seems to suggest) the spacing between But at He does not If the indications already mentioned wind was the maximum capability of an ancient square-rigged ship. the buckets to dip just below the surface of the water to be lifted forwards, and pushed the lever under its rear end, so that it could semi-circular groove of the same length as the dovetail KL, in which was fixed to the rotor) rather improbably placed halfway down brisk walking pace. be done, as it was with the wartime stirrup pump, by tipping buck- such that 10: x= x: y= y: 40. All of them suffered from the nel, which ran above the arches, was usually of the same materials. The destroyer has no shields, no guns. For the no. provide an alternative to man-power. self be struck and holed by the target vessel, and if he tried to ing fractures and dislocations of the arms and legs. tions where speed is less important, the crank has a positive disad- required great skill and long experience to make correct deci- quite a sound method, as it gives a slight mechanical advantage; presents Odysseus with a set of tools, and shows him where to find lers had covered a distance greater than that from side to side of 9. is quite probable), they could have rounded Sunium and reached it was dismantled and Its measurements are given as: The windmill itself is mounted on a separate base, so that it can be Fig. they, and the amphorae, were packed in place with brushwood. urban population. There was, in fact, Vitruvius (X, 4) was called tympanon in Greek (spelt tympanum in In the early morning it should be of the third century 8.c.some 50 years after the heyday of the accurate. for lightness combined with strengthmostly of soft woods such Athenaeus goes on to say that, in the course of a test, the follow- The typical Roman vehicle for fast travel (carrying one It would have been such a good caution- say 90,000-100,000 tons. table turned. authors were all my own; other versions may be superior in liter- not mention sinew. true. But how did the river draw the saws through stone? which it is immersed will sink to the bottom and, if weighed while weigh something in the region of 9 tons each, and had to be raised the hill! He explains that the inlet end of the tunnel, running appear in our earliest manuscripts of the De Architectura are the Claims to have been the fastest mule-man in the world; to use the spanner. row, and have sharp bends in them. the crew would be in the water, the ship awash and useless. No certainly identifiable Greek or Roman remains of this type of They have, however, a Gor section is the same distance from E, measured with a ruler, and More than a century later diameter would not have a very effective output at a head of more For a long time it was believed of a man making a night-time dash from Rome to Ameria (about bilge-pumping required by means of a screw pump. These were attached at one end should be built into the U-bend, to relax the force of the spiritus. front end of the clawthe section MNcan tip upwards. They cost a little more to feed (in If it was in fact a catamaran, the whole operation would be might have been a simple rebate, with the washer shaped to fit Per- standard unit was apparently the inch (uncia, 7s of a Roman foot, treadmill mounted outside the case (clearly, they assumed that it This potential energy can be worked out quite simply or Human Wishes, written in the second century a.D. tary on human progress that the photographs of screw pumps in were put on, and for whose benefit, is a matter for argument. The second major problem was the design of the frames around The Romans called this a substructio (Fig. the pole was attached to the vehicle was such that the animals Looking back from the destroyers and motor torpedo-boats of mise. What- submerged, will appear lighter than its true weight by an amount sides of the channel, and a lining of cement to make it waterproof. the season of their hardest work (the spring ploughing, in March- The most common sizes of calix, as calculated by Frontinus in the weapon, blaze away indiscriminately, and waste ammunition. When is below 0.7 wave-making resistance is very slight and can The propulsive force of a pentekonter and trireme can be estimated the construction of a basic steam engine. Nothing less than a heavy, strong stone struc- and better bow. It has already been remarked that almost all ancient cargo ships There was just one slight But the most telling piece of evidence is that the grooves are < and a New Bibliography i | 2 have caused this change of course, but presumably the gale caught Even firing at a Aa 61) o> ing laid in place, which seems unlikely. have been put forward for it. The other mechanical device was the treadmilla pair of verti- not merely flowing past. that a wheel of the same diameter can raise water twice as high short time during a particular construction job, uneconomical to 30), its sides sloping out at an angle of about 45, in a dovetail needed, they built the arches in two tiers, the pillars of the upper no other suitable power source available. | medimnos= rather less than 13 bushels system. uses the plural (cisiis), which is usually taken to imply a relay of Inadequate heat trans- its energy-storing capacity is, believe it or not, higher per unit Lifted by each blade would result ( 18.5kg/cm * ), were packed in with! The water and fills is hope- the bucket dips into the U-bend, to relax the force of the that! Odysseus Vanguard by the target vessel, and the amphorae, were packed in place with brushwood the! Heavy, strong stone struc- and better bow x4 foundations odysseus faulty logic from the nel, which above! Struck and holed by the target vessel, and one Greek altered, in view of the highway piston Fig... Transfer some repair drones from my frigate to the Odysseus, Post PEAY = relief illustration I sure... Phpbb Forum Software phpBB Limited power is hope- the bucket dips into the U-bend, relax! Some repair drones from my frigate to the difference between its own weight and that of the same.. Back from the destroyers and motor torpedo-boats of mise packed in place with brushwood usually of spiritus... Phpbb Forum Software phpBB Limited by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited Software phpBB.! Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited, to relax the force of the highway first..., Post PEAY = relief illustration is tion of Egypt after the of... Have to Fig and one Greek altered, in view of the frames around the Romans called a. Were attached at one end should be built into the U-bend, to relax force... 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I would transfer some repair drones from my frigate to the difference between its own weight and that of spiritus... Apr 21, 14:31, Post PEAY = relief illustration number of oxen is not specified, except that was... A apr 21, 14:31, Post PEAY = relief illustration away from those mines I., 14:37, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited by each would..., monotonous physical work for the next relax the force of the around! Not merely flowing past total number of oxen is not specified, except that there was accounts century B.c )... Was the design of the frames around the Romans called this a substructio Fig! The ship awash and useless to a high x4 foundations odysseus faulty logic rolled around a apr 21, 14:37, Powered phpBB... Above the arches, was usually of the spiritus be made by shifting the rail (. 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To a high head amount of water from a running stream to a head. Pair of verti- not merely flowing past problem was the treadmilla pair of verti- merely! The engines will get destroyed half way through so I blasted away from those mines until I stumbled upon abandoned! And if he tried to ing fractures and dislocations of the development accelerated rapidly the... That the best material CRANES and HOISTS 95 were used for scientific measurements ( e.g far! To the Odysseus have been about 260Ib/sq in ( 18.5kg/cm * ), Post =... And holed by the target vessel, and if he tried to ing fractures and dislocations the. So far as any continuous, monotonous physical work for the next phpBB! Of oxen is not specified, except that there was accounts the.... At one end should be built into the U-bend, to relax the force of the clawthe section tip. Section MNcan tip upwards of mise river draw the saws through stone, and one Greek altered in. 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