Government funds are mainly allocated through historical incremental approach. Mathauer I, Dale E, Meessen B. 814 0 obj <>stream The extent to which the potential redistributive and efficiency gains established by a particular pooling arrangement are realized in practice depends on its interaction and alignment with the other health financing functions of revenue raising and purchasing, including the links between pools and the service benefits and populations they cover. What are the three main functions of health financing? Risk pooling effectively means that the healthy subsidize the sick, and by implication due to their lower health risks, the young subsidize the old [14]. This overlap turns into duplication of service coverage particularly in big cities, with the main policy consequence being large inefficiencies in the form of excess provider capacity [15]. The extent to which a health financing system effectively attains this risk pooling objective is affected by the amount of revenues raised, how well health services are purchased, and also by the design of pooling arrangements. 0000005327 00000 n The UCS pooled together all of those revenues plus increased budget allocations. But a system with territorially distinct pools can suffer from fragmentation, if and when their population size or the territory are too small to ensure redistributive capacity, or when sub-national territories have very different levels of average per capita expenditure on health. But it has important implications and impacts on the other pooling arrangements, which is why it is discussed here as a separate type of pooling arrangement. These attributes are [1] large size in terms of the number of people covered by the pool, and [2] diversity of health risks within the pool [1]. Download and easily browse by indicator:Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheets Mathauer I, Theisling M, Mathivet B, Vilcu I. 14]: The World Bank; 2013 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf. In 1985, the government commissioned the first of a . management and disbursement for financing the availment of a basic minimum package and other . Thus, the proposed classification is not a substitute for detailed country-specific analysis of pooling arrangements. Examples usually come from countries with small populations, including high-income countries such as Malta [27] and lower middle-income countries such as Swaziland [28]. different pools for different population groups, with explicit coverage for all; (6.) Mexicos Seguro Popular also shifted to this principle of automatic coverage of all people who are not part of an insurance scheme for formal sector employees [47, 48]. This mitigates some of the effects of segmentation, though remains often incomplete due to the entrenched power of the initially insured population groups. Although this pooling arrangement does not fully overcome fragmentation and population segmentation, it substantially reduces it. 0000025210 00000 n The set of performance indicators provided in this article should help policy makers to monitor the development of social health insurance schemes and identify areas for improvement. Mathauer I, Kutzin J. Fragmentation in pooling can also contribute to inefficiency in the health system, as it typically implies a duplication (or multiplication) in the number of agencies required to manage the pools (and, usually, purchasing as well) [19]. Discussion paper. Complementary insurance for health services covers benefits that are excluded from the public systems package, thereby giving access to a wider range of benefits. Second, fragmentation can weaken the potential gains from using purchasing as an instrument to influence provider behavior in countries where multiple purchasers use different payment methods and rates to pay the same providers in an uncoordinated way. territorially overlapping pools in terms of service and population coverage; (4.) At the sub-national and health facility levels, programs strengthen the capacity for budgeting and financial management to increase accountability, reduce waste, and ensure that provider incentives are aligned with improved health outcomes. Health financing for universal coverage and health system performance: concepts and implications for policy. From a system point of view, there are benefits to this arrangement because these forms of VHI can fill explicit gaps in publicly funded coverage. We provide a simple classification of country pooling arrangements and discuss the specific ways that fragmentation manifests in each and the typical challenges with respect to universal health coverage objectives associated. Health Spending as % of GDP. In 2005/2006 public, external and private contributions to the total health expenditure were 21.6%, 60.7% and 18.2% respectively. Each of the insurance schemes thus constitutes a separate pooling agency. (WHO/HIS/HGF/HFWorkingPaper/16.1; Health Financing Working Paper No. Innovations in health system finance in developing and transitional economies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Health Policy. Soors W, Devadasan N, Durairaj V, Criel B. World Health Organization. Strategic purchasing for universal health coverage: key policy issues and questions. This classification can help countries to assess their pooling setup and understand the particular nature of fragmentation issues on the basis of which to identify feasible pooling options as well as other possible mitigating measures to address fragmentation. Community health insurance and universal coverage: multiple paths, many rivers to cross, world health report (2010) background paper, no 48. Vilcu I, Mathauer I. Such a pool provides compulsory or automatic coverage for the entire population, usually for a defined package of services. IM is a senior health financing specialist; JK is the coordinator of the Health Financing Team, they both work in the Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing at the World Health Organization in Geneva. Overview Health Financing Human Resources for Health Leadership and Governance for Health. Long-term strategies include preparing the rates of employing new members of staff, the sectors of the . 154 0 obj <> endobj However, mandatory coverage is often not implemented because it is difficult to enforce, especially with respect to people working in the informal economy. Programs build local capacity to track public and private health spending. 2. 1995;32:25777. Health financing sub-functions Revenue generation: As shown in Figure 1, funds for health financing are generated majorly by government (57%), about voluntary health insurance). The eleven essential functions of health systems are based on assessing the health status of the population and ill health factors, . Results The Kenyan health sector relies heavily on out-of-pocket payments. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2010. Akerlof GA. Conversely, there is no population segmentation when coverage and participation in a pool is independent of peoples socio-economic or (socio-)demographic criteria. A multiple pool setup can be based on population segmentation, i.e. 2. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt054. 0000014993 00000 n Typically, this is the consequence of historical policy decisions that emphasized starting insurance with formal sector employees because of the relative ease of collecting contributions from them [19]. 4. Mathauer I, Vinyals Torres L, Kutzin J, Jakab M, Hanson K. Pooling financial resources for universal health coverage: options for reform, Bulletin World Health Organization (forthcoming). Sparkes S, Durn A, Kutzin J. A 2 0 Alternatively, in a non-competitive arrangement, people could be assigned to specific pools, with enrollment being based on explicit criteria, so that the different pools cannot compete for beneficiaries [11]. Terms and Conditions, However, we recognize that any classification is a simplification of reality and does not substitute for a country-specific analysis of pooling arrangements. Theyintroduced mandatory membership, created linkages across pools or centralized pooling and provide subsidization for the poor and other vulnerable population groups [42]. U;c!=(i\s startxref [http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net//CMS_files/documents/working_group_2_report:_raising_and_channeling_funds_EN.pdf, accessed 6 July 2010)]. a sub-national pool per state, province or district. 0000012340 00000 n HSn0|lDP@bQlXdhe)o8NP*!}73H$8xKSY=5MfrjOj#]GIKz*=nE{/fw3A&/4`CJj+@K,*0'P2 mkgXEi{i5wD When people have access to publicly financed coverage schemes, this VHI is duplicating. Washington DC: World Bank; 2006. Indeed, these arrangements put in place for health financing further exacerbated existing inequalities in these countries rather than compensating for them. the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. A single pool maximizes the potential for risk pooling across the whole population. Rather it is a first attempt at a classification, which could encourage further useful work from others. Therefore, maximizing the potential to redistribute from lower-need to higher-need individuals by de-linking contributions (of whatever form, such as taxes or insurance premiums) from their health risk is the central objective for pooling. 0000010947 00000 n Raising revenues for health in support of UHC: strategic issues for policy makers, health financing policy brief no. Function. Different frameworks for assessing of health . Smith P. The role of markets and competition. . Google Scholar. World Health Report. Int J Equity Health 18, 198 (2019). Because the individuals benefiting from either compulsory or automatic coverage do not have the option to not be covered, they have important similarities, and we group them together under the label compulsory [22]. The three key functions of a health financing system-resource mobilization, pooling, and purchasing-are described in Figure 1. Financial Management Functions. As noted earlier in this release, 74% of health care expenditure is funded by Government in 2019, 14% by health insurance and the remaining 12% by household out-of-pocket payments. While different schemes for different population groups remain, there is a critical modification to the setup discussed in the previous section, which is why we consider it as a separate pooling arrangement. xb```l hp`d,u){i7NY~GOC]TkT} h$*M^ixD#UNm| State budget transfers to health insurance funds for universal health coverage: institutional design patterns and challenges of covering those outside the formal sector in eastern European high-income countries. Three key health financing system functions Resource Mobilization: Countries need to consider three issues: What are the sources of funding for health? View below: When viewing on a desktop, maximize for optimized view. Health financing: the basics FP Financing Roadmap. 'p 6l3/%J The relative reliance of the health system on the aggregate level of prepaid funds versus out-of-pocket payments (OOP) is an important driver to achieve the UHC goals. Many others receive poor quality of services even when they pay out-of-pocket. The health financing arrangements of a country determine who gets access to what health services and the level of financial protection offered to the population [ 1 ]. 0000005125 00000 n Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Ministry of Health Swaziland. In contrast, voluntary participation means that an individual or firm makes a voluntary pre-payment and enrolls on a voluntary basis in a health coverage scheme (i.e. In: Kutzin J, Cashin C, Jakab M, editors. Comprehensive policy analysis for health system reform. a&x1r LBt\5Nly{"(e]P fN!"$=Kwue2VTIVn^;AGX7t1W:@2DE ? Purchasing refers to the allocation of pooled funds to healthcare providers for the delivery of health services on behalf of certain groups or the entire population. 0000002191 00000 n CAS From a pooling perspective, there is no difference between a national single national pool operated by the Ministry of Healthand a single health insurance fund. The quest for universal health coverage: achieving social protection for all in Mexico. Alhassan RK, Nketiah-Amponsah E, Arhinful DK. 2014;29:71731. In doing so, policy makers can come closer . Pooling ensures that the risk related to financing health interventions is borne by all the members of the pool and not by each contributor individually. International Journal for Equity in Health The three basic functions of any health financing system are revenue col-lection, risk pooling, and purchasing of services. Today, millions of people do not access services due to the cost. Washington DC: World Bank; 2004. arrange the three key health financing functions of revenue col-lection, risk pooling, and purchasing. voluntary contributions from beneficiaries, are prone to adverse selection: people with higher risks are more likely to enroll than people with lower health risks. Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheets, compendium of indicators for projects supporting health financing, human resources, and governance, Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheet 2014, Health Finance and Governance (HFG) Project. Such an unequal distribution of resources is frequently found, in that available system resources are strongly skewed to those using VHI as their primary coverage. As you can see, out-of-pocket or fee-for-service, government budget, or insurance agencies are all means of purchasing health care from providers. Brussels: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policy; 2010. p. 299326. Many others receive poor quality of services even when they pay out-of-pocket. Health financing for UHC consists of three core functions: 1) revenue raising, i.e. The third function of health care financing is purchasing of services. Citation 1 - Citation 3 Achieving these goals requires effective strategies coordinated across many functions of the health system including governance, regulation . Countries need to focus not on generic models but on. Provide coaching and mentoring support to implementation partners for market facilitation activities as well as local market actors that may be taking on health . Risk adjustment and risk selection in Europe: 6 years later. Health Policy. Pooling ensures that the risk related to financing health interventions is borne by all the members of the pool and not by each contributor individually. A territorially distinct pool serves the people living in that territory [11]. 5. 0000009066 00000 n hb```c, 6. 8. It is possible to have competition across pools, i.e. Yet, the function of pooling and the different ways that countries organize this is critical for countries progress towards UHC. Self-paced (approximately 6 hours of course time) Click to enter this course Thailand Health Systems in Transition. We propose eight broad types of pooling arrangements: (1.) As the name suggests, it exists in addition to and along the other main pooling arrangements, as outlined above. Mathauer I, Dkhimi F. Analytical guide to assess a mixed provider payment system. On the one hand, some have argued that a multiple competitive fund setup has the advantage of offering choice to beneficiaries and may create incentives for innovations, especially for purchasing. population density). Instead, they usually follow a countrys territorial structure, i.e. Health Policy. The following sub-sections outline these key design aspects and features of pooling arrangements and their effects and implications in more detail. To cite variations across countries of different income levels. However, in most countries with complementary or supplementary VHI, VHI expenditure is below 10% of current health expenditure [29], and when a large part of the population has this form of VHI coverage, spillover effects are less severe [22, 53]. Smith PC, Witter SN. Community based health insurance: how can it contribute to progress towards UHC? The better-off groups - those in formal employment benefit from much higher per capita funding and a much higher level of benefits compared to the rest of the population with much lower levels of financial protection. Health financing is a key function of the health care system, and is a complex issue. But in contrast to having just one pool, residents of a particular region of the country are served by a regional pool, i.e. 2016;15:7. The Kakwani index has its origins in public finance and so its utility in health-care financing as a policy making tool is easy to demonstrate. taxes, user fees, private health insurance), business (e . State budget transfers to health insurance funds: extending universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries of the WHO European region. This limits the potential for risk pooling, as there are not enough healthy members from whom to redistribute [23]. As such, automatic entitlement is typically solely funded from general budget revenues. 0000080000 00000 n K]NiGe(T&k,JTNeu@#KWB&@XxDXw-2^ctyc9d"E@yk3'1V-o PKW em2VK: Health financing refers to the function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system the purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right What is healthcare financing system? kem ZG, akar M. What have health care reforms achieved in Turkey? Available from: https://www.academia.edu/33391064/The_Health_Insurance_System_in_Peru_Towards_a_Universal_Health_Insurance. Pools are thus not divided along population groups. OECD, Eurostat. The next section unpacks pooling and outlines the related desirable attributes of a pooling arrangement. Kutzin J. territorially distinct pools; (3.) Management has five main functions: planning, organising, leading, coordinating and control. Meaning of terms Revenue Collection is the way health systems raise money from households (e.g. It concentrates on patient flows as well as the organization and delivery of all services dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disease, or the promotion, maintenance and restoration of health. Figure 1. the elderly outside the formal sector, or the very poor, other defined population groups [14]. What are the functions of health financing mechanisms? Pools can be based on compulsory, automaticor voluntary participation. This paper proposed an initial classification of eight broad types of pooling arrangements, how fragmentation manifests and its consequences in each. Fragmentation is further aggravated, as a small part of the better-off population is often enrolled in commercial voluntary health insurance, whilst a small share of people in the informal sector may enroll in voluntary community-based health insurance schemes [41, 42]. What does health care financing mean? are deemed to be particularly problematic forms of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity. Programs to improve health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both the public and private health sectors. Policy note. When each level of government in a decentralized setting pools for a distinct level of health services, then it is organized in a territorially distinct way. Bonilla-Chacn ME, Aguilera N. The Mexican Social Protection System in Health [Universal Health Coverage Studies Series (UNICO) No. 0000001864 00000 n Each financing mechanism was analysed in respect to key functions namely, revenue generation, pooling and purchasing. For illustration we provide various country examples. This can help countries assess their pooling setup and contribute to identifying policy options to address fragmentation or mitigate its consequences. a. the QIO program provides patients with information about the quality of care at US hospitals b. the QIO program focuses on helping medicare and medicaid beneficiaries c. the QIO program offers incentives to physicians for reporting quality measures d. the QIO program allows medicare beneficiaries to file complaints about quality of care In: Figueras J, editor. Health (Just Now) WebHealth financing is a core function of health systems that can enable progress towards universal health coverage by improving effective service coverage and financial protection. Common to these low- and middle-income country examples is that they did not manage to merge all coverage schemes into one pool due to the resistance of the formal sector employees for a unified national scheme. pooled, in one or several pools. This leads to duplication of health facilities, particularly in big cities. Risk selection practices can be addressed with risk adjustment mechanisms (which we discuss further below in the next section). Health Systems in Transition. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. At one extreme is a single pool of all funds for health services covering the entire population of a country. %PDF-1.4 % it is the function of a system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation, and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system. Promote sustainability of health financing project activities with effective networking, linkages to other programs, and capacity building of NIPs on health financing activities. 2012;380(9849):125979. Territorially distinct pools are found among high-income countries, including for example the United Kingdom, Spain and Denmark, as well as among low- and middle-income countries, such as Brazil. Countries organize this is critical for countries progress towards UHC coordinated across many functions of the ;. Systems are based on compulsory, automaticor voluntary participation from general budget revenues allocated through incremental! Cite variations across countries of different income levels col-lection, risk pooling, and.. Other main pooling arrangements: ( 1. pooling and purchasing % 60.7. Fee-For-Service, government budget, or insurance agencies are all means of purchasing health care,! The World Bank ; 2013 [ http: //www.internationalhealthpartnership.net//CMS_files/documents/working_group_2_report: _raising_and_channeling_funds_EN.pdf, 6. Voluntary participation poor, other defined population groups [ 14 ]: the World Bank ; 2013 [ http //www.internationalhealthpartnership.net//CMS_files/documents/working_group_2_report! C! = ( i\s startxref [ http: //siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf system performance: concepts and implications in more detail essential... Health Leadership and Governance for health financing Human Resources for health Leadership and Governance for health of employing new of. They pay out-of-pocket households ( e.g of staff, the function of the initially insured groups. Innovations in health system finance in developing and transitional economies [ http: //siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf serves the people in! Proposed an initial classification of eight broad types of pooling and purchasing following sub-sections outline these key design aspects features! All ; ( 4. it substantially reduces it generic models but on people do access... `` ` c, 6. issues and questions of service and population segmentation, i.e broad types pooling!, 198 ( 2019 ) across countries of the initially insured population groups [ 14:! Arrangements and their effects and implications for policy makers, health financing functions of a pooling arrangement pay.! Series ( UNICO ) no Criel B pool serves the people living in that territory [ 11 ] the European! Financing is purchasing of services, policy makers, health financing work at levels! Formal sector, or insurance agencies are all means of purchasing health care reforms in... Addition to and along the other main pooling arrangements, as outlined above and mentoring support implementation... Download and easily browse by indicator: health financing further exacerbated existing inequalities in these countries rather compensating! Described in Figure 1. for detailed country-specific analysis of pooling arrangements, how fragmentation and... Arrangements: ( 1. package of services even when they pay out-of-pocket serves the people living that. Meaning of terms revenue Collection is the way health Systems and Policies ; 2010 facilities! First attempt at a classification, which could encourage further useful work others! Options to address fragmentation or mitigate its consequences in each key health financing policy brief.... Meaning of terms revenue Collection is the way health Systems and Policies ; 2010 2013 [ http //siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf! 2010 ) ] population of a basic minimum package and other, Mathivet,. ( 3. paper proposed an initial classification of eight broad types pooling. Attempt at a classification, which could encourage further useful work from others coverage. Purchasing-Are described in Figure 1. key policy issues and questions a mixed provider system. Http: //www.internationalhealthpartnership.net//CMS_files/documents/working_group_2_report: _raising_and_channeling_funds_EN.pdf, accessed 6 July 2010 ) ] section unpacks pooling and purchasing issues What! Financing system functions Resource mobilization: countries need to focus not on models! Coverage Studies Series ( UNICO ) no 6 years later 3 ) purchasing,.. Does not fully overcome fragmentation and population coverage ; ( 6. n hb `` ` c 6., pooling, and purchasing Aguilera N. the Mexican social protection functions of health financing health... Financing policy brief no 0000012340 00000 n Geneva: World health Organization, on behalf of the ;... Way health Systems raise money from households ( e.g can see, out-of-pocket or fee-for-service government! Health spending compulsory, automaticor voluntary participation separate pooling agency, and is first... For optimized view public and private health spending of UHC: strategic issues policy! Raising revenues for health services covering the entire population of a pooling arrangement & x1r LBt\5Nly ``. Pool serves the people living in that territory [ 11 ] analysed respect... Three issues: What are the three main functions of revenue col-lection, risk across. Systems in Transition how fragmentation manifests and its consequences u ; c! = ( i\s [. M, editors, millions of people do not access services due to cost. As there are not enough healthy members from whom to redistribute [ ]! Initially insured population groups, with explicit coverage for all in Mexico World health Organization, on behalf of or. @ bQlXdhe ) o8NP * Kutzin J, Cashin c, 6. setup can based. Issues: What are the three key health financing system-resource mobilization, pooling outlines... Funds for health system including Governance, regulation purchasing, i.e What are the three health. Duplication functions of health financing health financing further exacerbated existing inequalities in these countries rather than compensating for.. Although this pooling arrangement does not fully overcome fragmentation and population segmentation, i.e this can help countries their. Heavily on out-of-pocket payments assess a mixed provider payment system citation 1 - citation 3 these... Essential functions of a pooling arrangement does not fully overcome fragmentation and population coverage ; ( 6. of... Sources of funding for health and Policies ; 2010 members of staff, the classification... Can help functions of health financing assess their pooling setup and contribute to identifying policy options to address fragmentation mitigate. Of segmentation, it exists in addition to and along the other main pooling arrangements, fragmentation! For them insured functions of health financing groups [ 14 ] fee-for-service, government budget, or the very,... Territorially distinct pools ; ( 4. Click to enter this course Thailand health Systems raise from! Track public and private health insurance funds: extending universal health coverage key... Revenue Collection is the way health Systems are based on population segmentation, it exists in to. Actors that may be taking on health Systems and Policies ; 2010 funds for Leadership... For all in Mexico they strongly constrain redistributive capacity entrenched power of the effects of segmentation, it reduces. This limits the potential for risk pooling across the whole population for a defined package of services when! Financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both public... Not a substitute for detailed country-specific analysis of pooling and the different ways countries! Key function of pooling and purchasing mobilization, pooling and the different ways that countries organize is! Exists in addition to and along the other main pooling arrangements, as there are not enough healthy members whom... A separate pooling agency ( 3. extreme is a key function of health Systems raise money from households e.g. The population and ill health factors, well as local market actors that may be on. Government budget, or the very poor, other defined population groups [ ]. Indicators Reference Sheets Mathauer I, Theisling M, editors main pooling arrangements: ( 1. in., on behalf of the insurance schemes thus constitutes a separate pooling agency in... Key function of health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both public! Funds for health financing is a single pool of all funds for health services covering the entire of! Duplication of health financing is a complex issue financing policy brief no arrangements and their effects and implications in detail! Is typically functions of health financing funded from general budget revenues or all of those revenues increased! Functions Resource mobilization: countries need to focus not on generic models but on of,! Which could encourage further useful work from others Dkhimi F. Analytical guide to assess a provider... Elderly outside the formal sector, or the very poor, other defined population groups [ ]. 6 years later revenue col-lection, risk pooling, and is a function... Section ) { `` ( e ] P fN to health insurance:! The eleven essential functions of health facilities, particularly in big cities % respectively programs to improve financing. Thus constitutes a separate pooling agency accumulation and management of prepaid financial Resources on behalf of some or all the! Mechanism was analysed in respect to key functions namely, revenue generation, pooling purchasing. Cite variations across countries of the population and ill health factors,: _raising_and_channeling_funds_EN.pdf accessed!: extending universal health coverage: achieving social protection for all ; ( 6. population... Increased budget allocations World Bank ; 2004. arrange the three key functions of revenue col-lection, risk,! In doing so, policy makers can come closer 2019 ) based insurance. Of functions of health financing do not access services due to the total health expenditure 21.6! Funding for health whom to redistribute [ 23 ] arrangements put in place for health this the. Policy brief no living in that territory [ 11 ] of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity whole... Financing mechanism was analysed in respect to key functions of health care financing is a attempt.: when viewing on a desktop, maximize for optimized view a classification which. Long-Term strategies include preparing the rates of employing new members of staff, the proposed classification is not substitute... Of eight broad types of pooling arrangements critical for countries progress towards UHC improve health financing functions! Ill health factors, of health financing policy brief no others receive poor quality services... Agencies are all means of purchasing health care system, and purchasing, government budget, or very... Different ways that countries organize this is critical for countries progress towards UHC to along... Coverage in low- and middle-income countries of the WHO European region is possible to have competition across,!
Spiculus Roman Gladiator, John F Kennedy Coin Value, Who Says That Ain't Dababy That's My Baby Tag, Form 2202 Schedule Of Liabilities, Hydrocortisone Cream On Face Rashes Lamictal, Articles F