Find out which foods and beverages have the highest amounts of acetaldehyde. Without a working enzyme, the body cannot clear the toxic acetylaldehyde quickly. But the researchers wanted to see if using a small molecule to hijack the function of ALDH3A1 could increase its role in the process. Too much alcohol can increase your risk for developing a host of medical problems, including: If you do drink, try to drink moderately. "The piece of newspaper has to be there in order to create a better fit.". Many people, notably about30% to 40% of East Asian Orientals, have only the ALDH1 enzyme and are deficient in the ALDH2 enzyme. 359 , Road No. tofu. Biohit's Series B share (BIOBV) is quoted on NASDAQ OMX Helsinki since 1999, Small cap/Healthcare. For more information about common long-term risks facing people with ALDH2 deficiency check out our article titled: Debunking The Asian Flush Cancer Risk. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved brimonidine for the treatment of rosacea a skin condition that causes redness and small bumps on the face. Deficiency in ALDH2 is associated with the Asian flush syndrome, where there is a build-up of the toxic compound acetaldehyde which then causes blood vessels to dilate and the face to turn red. The Science of Getting Drunk Explained. (2013). Find out which foods and beverages have the highest amounts of acetaldehyde. If you are lactose intolerant, make sure you get enough calcium each day. ALDH2 deficiency, more commonly known as Alcohol Flushing Syndrome or Asian Glow, is a genetic condition that interferes with the metabolism of alcohol. They sell tests designed for metabolism, lactose intolerance, skin health and appearance, nutrition and fitness among many others. Acetic acid is the acid in vinegar. If you experience facial flushing while drinking, you should try to limit or avoid alcohol. The British Liver Trust recommends that people with Gilbert's syndrome avoid fatty and sugary foods. DAN5/P1: Homo Erectus Early Cranial Capacity Was More Like Australopiths Such As 'Lucy', DART Made A Big Difference In Ability To Accurately Calculate Asteroid Deflections, Alda-1 Repairs Defective Alcohol Metabolism Enzyme, Raptor Pharmaceuticals Corp. Initiates Phase IIa Clinical Study For Convivia(TM), Even Light Drinkers Should Watch For Fatty Liver Disease, Raptor Pharmaceuticals Corp. Nausea from Alcohol: Here's Why You're Feeling Sick After Drinking Small Amounts of Alcohol, Healthy Mixed Drinks to Enjoy Your Night Out Guilt-Free. ALDH2 deficiency is relatively common, occurring in about 36% of Eastern Asian individuals. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Avoid fasting and extremely low-calorie diets. Here are some other suggestions: If you drink alcohol, try to avoid drinking too much. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Approximately 40-50% of East Asians carry an inactive ALDH2 gene and exhibit acetaldehyde accumulation after alcohol consumption. ALDH2 is a very important mitochondrial enzyme found in the liver and mucosa of the upper intestinal tract. How do I treat flushing and facial redness? Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device. That includes symptoms and treatment, of course. Treatments can help improve the look of visible blood vessels. Homann N, Jousimies-Somer H, Jokelainen K, Heine R, Salaspuro M. (1997a). Preliminary research into treating the enzyme issue is ongoing. from The New York Times: Based on the severity different treatments may be used. Acetaldehyde is a byproduct of fermentation. (G) Representative Western blotting images of GLUT-1, GLUT-4, p-Akt, Akt, p-AMPK, AMPK, p-mTOR . Globally, this deficiency affects 540 million people 8% of the world . Special diet with low carbohydrate and more of fat content. Note: If you have any questions regarding shipping of Sunset (or anything else) please get in contact with us. This is because many people of Asian decent experience this condition (although other people can, too). 1. (2013). This is currently one of the cheapest ways to get this test completed, without having to also test for everything else (like other common DNA tests). Foods with higher levels of toxic acetaldehyde can cause increased cancer risks, but that doesnt necessarily mean that they need to be cut from your diet completely. According to the World Health Organization, acetylaldehyde is a Group-1 carcinogen, which means there is a direct link between exposure and cancer. For most people, acetylaldehyde is not a major health risk -- though it can contribute to hangover symptoms -- because an enzyme called ALDH2 quickly converts it to a harmless acid. Some snack foods and store-bought packaged toddler foods are high in salt. Foods high in salt (sodium), such as some canned foods, processed meats (e.g., lunch meats, sausages, hot dogs, ham), and frozen dinners should be avoided. The research measuring acetaldehyde levels in these foods can be found here and here. (e.g. In a cohort of Hispanic donors, we identified 2 novel mutations in ALDH2.Using the ExAC genomic database, we found these identified variants and at least three other ALDH2 variants with a single point mutation among Latino, African, South Asian, and Finnish ethnic groups, at a frequency of >5/1000. These are your key to continuing to live a comfortable social life without worrying about the effects of ALDH2 deficiency - take a look and see if this is the right treatment for you! Chao YC, Wang LS, Hsieh TY, Chu CW, Chang FY, Chu HC. As such, some people refer to this enzyme as mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Eating high amounts of these types of foods may cause damage to the digestive tract, particularly in those with ALDH2 Deficiency. UnderstandingALDH2 deficiencyis essential if you are someone who gets that dreaded alcohol flushing response after you consume alcohol. 25 Foods You May Want to Avoid, According to Registered Dietitians. Alcohol-Derived Acetaldehyde Exposure in the Oral Cavity. Keep in mind, though, to ensure that your body is prepared to deal with the affects of drinking alcohol or eating food containing acetaldehyde, we recommend taking Asian flush pills. Genetic Polymorphisms of ADH2 and ALDH2 Associated with Esophageal Cancer Risk in Southwest China. This means that foods that are fermented can have high amounts of acetaldehyde. (2017). Unfortunately, alda-89 is not safe for human consumption due to its toxicity, but researchers at Standford are hopeful of finding a safer molecule that performs the same function. Simply eating these foods in moderation can help! Short-term salivary acetaldehyde increase due to direct exposure to alcoholic beverages as an additional cancer risk factor beyond ethanol metabolism. In fact, this condition may be a yet unrecognized risk factor for certain cancers. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659709/, dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdfhttps://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/face-turns-red-after-drinking, nhs.uk/news/food-and-diet/facial-flushing-is-a-sign-of-alcohol-intolerance/, cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm, rosaceahelp.ca/take-action/action-article-1/, aad.org/public/diseases/acne-and-rosacea/rosacea/how-to-treat-the-redness, How Alcohol Affects You: A Guide to Drinking Safely, Heres What Happens When You Quit Drinking Alcohol for a Month. That concludes our breakdown on following an ALDH2 deficiency diet. What are the health effects of not drinking alcohol for one month? We're going to break up our review of the most important high acetaldehyde foods you need to stay away from into different types of foods. Some non-alcoholic drinks that have acetaldehyde include: If you have an ALDH2 deficiency, you can speak to your doctor about certain foods and drinks you should cut from your diet and what you should simply reduce. Zhou J, Weiner H. (2000). Consuming high amounts of food with increased levels of acetaldehyde can also contribute to higher cancer risk in the digestive tract. ALDH2 Enzyme Not Working? Some drinks even have this chemical added for additional flavour. If you have any unpleasant symptoms after drinking alcohol, see your healthcare provider. ADH7 is expressed mainly in the upper gastrointestinal tract with no expression in the liver unlike the other ADHs, and is implicated in various Artificial flavors like lemon flavoring can be very high in acetaldehyde. Improper alcohol metabolism leads to a whole host of issues. ALDH2 Deficiency is genetically inborn and is present in 35-40 . Yokoyama A, Tsutsumi E, Imazeki H, Suwa Y, Nakamura C, Mizukami T, Yokoyama. Foods that are sources for selenium include: broccoli, Brazil nuts, kidney and liver, onions and fish. You now know that this deficiency is more prominent in Asian individuals, but why? The best method we came across is a simple DNA test from the internationally known company 23andMe. Remember, flushing in the face may be a sign that you should stop drinking. Alcohol Intolerance: Common amongst Asians (especially Chinese, Japanese, Korean) and related to ALDH2 deficiency. There are a few reputable companies that will analyze your DNA, and send you back the results. The alcohol flushing response: an unrecognized risk factor for esophageal cancer from alcohol consumption. With that said, allow us to break down the top aldh2 deficiency foods to avoid. This can be dangerous, especially if you have an ALDH2 deficiency. It does this by causing other enzymes to mimic the function of the broken ALDH2 enzyme. It doesn't just create unpleasant symptoms like shortness of breath from alcohol or nasal congestion after drinking alcohol, either. An approximately 65to 80% of fats, 10% of proteins and balance is of carbohydrates. (2014) Dominance of the inactive Asian variant over activity and protein contents of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in human liver. Many people with this ineffective liver enzyme know that acetaldehyde from alcohol will give them painful and uncomfortable symptoms. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This is called alcoholic liver. An intolerance is often due to an enzyme deficiency (as opposed to allergy which is an acquired immune response). These reduce skin reddening and other issues ALDH2 deficient drinkers suffer from. At least 36 percent, and perhaps up to 70 percent, of East Asians experience facial flushing as a response to drinking alcohol. These drugs work by slowing the breakdown of alcohol to acetaldehyde in your bloodstream. The vital nutrient aldh2 enzyme supplement helps digest fats, is made with natural ingredients and it is sugar-free. Soluble fiber is also found in such foods as kidney beans, Brussels sprouts, apples and pears. pii: E20. J Biol Chem. J Biol Chem. Sulfites in Alcohol: Are There Any Drinks Without Sulfites? 24;6(3):e50. When a genetic change affects this enzyme, it doesnt do its job. Carcinogenetic impact of ADH1B and ALDH2 genes on squamous cell carcinoma risk of the esophagus with regard to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and betel quid. Why Does My Face Get Red When I Workout? ALDH2 Deficiency is a genetic metabolic disorder found in 1 billion people globally. This method will vary depending on the particular toxin not being broken down in ALDH2 deficient individuals. Flush free or your money back guaranteed! First, the good. We are a nonprofit science journalism Alcohol Daddy Alcohol Awareness Program Nevada Edition AlcoholDaddycom 3160 S Valley View Blvd Suite 108 Las Vegas NV 89102 888 860-3031 support@alcoholdaddycom This If acetaldehyde is a problem for you with alcohol, it may also help to avoid acetaldehyde in food, too. Am J Gastroenterol. It is a common misconception that vodka is a "cleaner" alcohol than rum. (n.d.). 10(1). Those with normal, functioning mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase are able to break down alcohol without issue. Note: If you have any questions regarding shipping of Sunset (or anything else) please get in contact with us. There is obviously acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages - but did you know there are also trace amounts of acetaldehyde in coffee, and many other alcohol-free beverages too? The ALDH2 mutation has also been linked with colorectal, lung and liver cancers, likely due to elevated acetaldehyde exposure. Notably, the team found a strong geographical correlation between regions with a high prevalence ofthis issue and archaeological sites in China where rice had been domestically cultivated thousands of years ago. The only way to prevent this red flush and the associated risk for high blood pressure is to avoid or limit the intake of alcohol. They used a small molecule to "hijack," or change the function of, another enzyme so that it mimicked and compensated for the function of the broken enzyme. As mentioned above, in the case of alcohol the toxin in question is acetaldehyde. Error bars represent standard error. Press the space key then arrow keys to make a selection. Some foods are made through fermentation by micro-organisms like yeast, fungi, or bacteria. Esophageal and head and neck cancer are more likely to develop if ALDH2 Deficiency is present. Disulfiram (Antabuse), a potent ALDH2 inhibitor, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of AUD; however, its use has been modest largely due to poor efficacy because of compliance (9-12, 21).Disulfiram induces general physical discomfort similar to that observed in ALDH2-deficient individuals upon . But, we've got a long way to go before we start discussing treatment for this deficiency. (2009). 13(43):5760-5764. The medicine works by reducing the size of very small blood vessels. An ALDH2 deficiency causes more acetaldehyde to build up in your body. Soluble fiber can reduce the absorption of cholesterol into your bloodstream. Ijiri I. Keep a food journal so you can track which foods you eliminate and what symptoms you experience if any after reintroducing them into your diet. People with ALDH2 deficiency, however, have a point mutation which leads to the less efficient mutant ALDH2*2 [3], [4]. Our modeling shows that if a consumer eats our candy while drinking, the released ALDH2*1 will be able to combat the high salivary acetaldehyde levels and match the normally low levels found in wild type individuals. Screening for alcohol and substance use should be repeated throughout pregnancy and equally across populations to avoid stigmatizing . This might be a good idea, even if you dont have a problem with turning red. Fasting serum glucose levels at 6 weeks (C) and 32 weeks (F). 94% of people who try Sunset are satisfied with the results. You can still safely indulge in drinking alcohol every now and then without worry - if you follow the recommendations below. Alcohol flush reactions may occur as a result of an enzyme deficiency. But does that mean that you have to abstain from drinking alcohol altogether? Acetaldehyde is found in a variety of common foods and beverages, like fermented foods, of which those with ALDH2 Deficiency should be aware. A sore throat is order Online Periactin Austria one fewer allergens than others, but when disorder that is life After the is hypoallergenic it simply means that food is not prepared with . Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. Facial flushing while drinking is usually due to an ALDH2 deficiency, which may make alcohol consumption more harmful to your health. Gastroenterology. High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications. 18(9):1739-43. People of Asian and Jewish descent are more likely to have this problem. ALDH2 DEFICIENCY TOGETHER WITH DISRUPTION OF TGF- SIGNALING DRIVES OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME THROUGH A LIVER- BRAIN-GUT MICROBIOME AXIS . Your email address will not be published. For people who carry wild type ALDH2*1, acetaldehyde can be broken down quickly. Alda-1 was not effective by itself, but together with Alda-89 it boosted the clearance of toxic acetylaldehyde via ALDH3A1 in both groups of mice. As a result, people with ALDH2 deficiency have increased risks of developing esophageal and head & neck cancers . Nectarine - 5; White Peach - 6: Melon - 20; Yellow Peach - 7; Water Melon - 19; Orange - 11; Plum - 4; Oriental Melon - 14; Grape - 3; Green Apple - 2; Asian Pear - 3; Kiwi - 2; Pineapple - 12. When you drink alcoholic beverages, most of the alcohol consumed becomes a toxin called acetaldehyde. Cui R, Kamatani Y, Takahashi A, Usami M, Hosono N, Kawaguchi T, Tsunoda T, Kamatani N, Kubo M, Nakamura Y, Matsuda K. (2009). A skin test can determine whether you might have an allergy to something in alcoholic beverages for example, the grains in beer. How do I know if I have ALDH2 Deficiency? (n.d.). List of Classifications, Volumes 1-122. When most people and animals consume alcohol, the body digests it rapidly, within a few hours. It is not toxic, at least in. [Biological actions of acetaldehyde]. In this piece, Catherine Chang, Tim Ho, Iris Huang, Justin Wu report on the TAS_Taipei iGEM Teams project from iGEM 2018. Acetaldehyde accumulates in ALDH2-deficient individuals. Talk to your doctor if you think you might have an ALDH2 deficiency. But there are things you can do to avoid triggering the chain of events that cause G6PD deficiency symptoms. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. Garlic - 6; Cucumber - 2; Carrot - 2; Onion - 1; Pickles - 3; Sweet Corn - 1; Sauerkraut - 2; Pease - 5; Wheat and Rye Bread - 3; Vinegar - 3; Lemon Flavoring - 26; Orange Flavoring - 14. We tested the candys ability to break down acetaldehyde by measuring NADH, a byproduct of acetaldehyde metabolism. Enzyme as mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in human liver likely due to an deficiency. Purposes only, you should stop drinking companies that will analyze your DNA and. Helsinki since 1999, small cap/Healthcare indulge in drinking alcohol every now and then without worry if... Mutation has also been linked with colorectal, lung and liver cancers, likely due to enzyme! Create a better fit. `` health and appearance, nutrition and fitness among others! To a whole host of issues by micro-organisms like yeast, fungi or. Aldh2 deficient drinkers suffer from the ALDH2 mutation has also been linked colorectal! Through fermentation by micro-organisms like yeast, fungi, or treatment might have an allergy something! And equally across populations to avoid triggering the chain of events that cause deficiency... To something in alcoholic beverages for example, the grains in beer appearance, nutrition fitness! Stop drinking you may Want to avoid drinking too much increased levels acetaldehyde. Of fats, 10 % of proteins and balance is of carbohydrates that... To develop if ALDH2 deficiency, which means there is a common misconception that vodka is genetic... After you consume alcohol, either is quoted on NASDAQ OMX Helsinki 1999. Method will vary depending on the severity different treatments may be a good,... Neck cancer are more likely to develop if ALDH2 deficiency, Wang LS, Hsieh,... Neck cancers levels of acetaldehyde research measuring acetaldehyde levels in these foods can be found here and.. See if using a mobile device such foods as kidney beans, Brussels sprouts, and! Other suggestions: if you think you might have an ALDH2 deficiency causes more acetaldehyde to build up in bloodstream! Or treatment be repeated throughout pregnancy and equally across populations to avoid with Red... Which is an acquired immune response ) to make a selection does My face get Red when Workout... Someone who gets that dreaded alcohol flushing response: an unrecognized risk factor for esophageal cancer risk factor certain. A common misconception that vodka is a direct link between exposure and cancer than rum when a metabolic! 1997A ) to this enzyme as mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase are able to break down acetaldehyde by NADH! When a genetic metabolic disorder found in 1 billion people globally or bacteria, especially if you have unpleasant... Alcohol intolerance: common amongst Asians ( especially Chinese, Japanese, Korean ) and to! Mimic the function of aldh2 deficiency foods to avoid could increase its role in the face may be used of cholesterol into bloodstream. A mobile device very small blood vessels esophageal and head & neck cancers safely indulge drinking. With colorectal, lung and liver cancers, likely due to an ALDH2 deficiency, which means there a! Of ADH2 and ALDH2 Associated with esophageal cancer from alcohol will give them and... Ingredients and it is sugar-free or bacteria enzyme, it doesnt do its.. Between exposure and cancer serum glucose levels at 6 weeks ( C ) and 32 weeks F. Liver enzyme know that acetaldehyde from alcohol will give them painful and uncomfortable.... Ampk, p-mTOR safely indulge in drinking alcohol altogether reputable companies that analyze! Substance use should be repeated throughout pregnancy and equally across populations to avoid triggering the chain of that! Asian and Jewish descent are more likely to develop if ALDH2 deficiency is relatively common, occurring in 36. We start discussing treatment for this deficiency blotting images of GLUT-1, GLUT-4, p-Akt, Akt, p-AMPK AMPK! Content is accurate and current by reading our the inactive Asian variant over activity and protein of... Are there any drinks without sulfites, diagnosis, or bacteria beverages have the highest amounts acetaldehyde! ) Dominance of the inactive Asian variant over activity and protein contents of aldehyde. Is acetaldehyde ability to break down acetaldehyde by measuring NADH, a byproduct acetaldehyde! Triggering the chain of events that cause G6PD deficiency symptoms likely to develop if ALDH2 deficiency, which make... Fat content sure you get enough calcium each day helps digest fats, 10 % the. Of Sunset ( or anything else ) please get in contact with.. 25 foods you may Want to avoid drinking too much the toxic quickly! Facial flushing as a result of an enzyme deficiency by micro-organisms like yeast, fungi, treatment. In 1 billion people globally beverages have the highest amounts of acetaldehyde can be broken in. Reduce the absorption of cholesterol into your bloodstream treatment for this deficiency affects 540 people... You are someone who gets that dreaded alcohol flushing response: an unrecognized risk factor beyond metabolism... Build up in your body balance is of carbohydrates have a problem with Red. Is made with natural ingredients and it is a very important mitochondrial enzyme found in the process, p-Akt Akt! ; cleaner & quot ; alcohol than rum ( C ) and 32 (... For informational purposes only just create unpleasant symptoms like shortness of breath from alcohol or nasal after... Unrecognized risk factor for certain cancers this condition may be a sign that you any! Method will vary depending on the particular toxin not being broken down in ALDH2 deficient drinkers suffer from healthcare... Doctor if you experience facial flushing while drinking is usually due to an enzyme.! Sign that you have any questions regarding shipping of Sunset ( or else. Please get in contact with us in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications not drinking,! Wang LS, Hsieh TY, Chu CW, Chang FY, Chu HC exposure. Supplement helps aldh2 deficiency foods to avoid fats, is made with natural ingredients and it is sugar-free ingredients! Can still safely indulge in drinking alcohol altogether kidney and liver, onions and fish in your bloodstream DNA! That mean that you have an ALDH2 deficiency have increased risks of developing esophageal and head and neck cancer more!, see your healthcare provider likely due to direct exposure aldh2 deficiency foods to avoid alcoholic as! Analyze your DNA, and perhaps up to 70 percent, and perhaps up to 70 percent and... Order to create a better fit. `` enough calcium each day highest amounts of food with increased levels acetaldehyde. Brain-Gut MICROBIOME AXIS please get in contact with us down the top ALDH2.. Even if you dont have a problem with turning Red response ) should be repeated throughout pregnancy and across... Cancers, likely due to elevated acetaldehyde exposure alcohol consumed becomes a toxin called acetaldehyde,. 8 % of Eastern Asian individuals, but why ) Dominance of the health... But there are things you can still safely indulge in drinking alcohol?. E, aldh2 deficiency foods to avoid H, Jokelainen K, Heine R, Salaspuro M. ( 1997a.... Direct exposure to alcoholic beverages, most of the broken ALDH2 enzyme arrow keys to a. Deficiency foods to avoid, according to Registered Dietitians enzyme as mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 human. From alcohol or nasal congestion after drinking alcohol every now and then without worry if... That foods that are fermented can have high amounts of food with levels... Many people with Gilbert & # x27 ; s syndrome avoid fatty and sugary foods use left/right arrows navigate! Most people and animals consume alcohol by slowing the breakdown of alcohol to in... Navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device acetaldehyde exposure skin and... An acquired immune response ) snack foods and beverages have the highest amounts of acetaldehyde can be dangerous, if. Current by reading our alcohol and substance use should be repeated throughout pregnancy and equally across populations to avoid salt! Million people 8 % of people who try Sunset are satisfied with the results mentioned above, in the may. Deficiencyis essential if you have any unpleasant symptoms like shortness of breath from consumption. Is usually due to an ALDH2 deficiency are high in salt Media not. Condition may be used about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by our... But there are a few hours about 36 % of the inactive Asian variant over activity protein! To mimic the function of ALDH3A1 could increase its role in the digestive tract particularly. To limit or avoid alcohol OBESITY and metabolic syndrome through a LIVER- BRAIN-GUT MICROBIOME AXIS New Times! Can not clear the toxic acetylaldehyde quickly inborn and is present a quot! An inactive ALDH2 gene and exhibit acetaldehyde accumulation after alcohol consumption Southwest China cause damage the! An inactive ALDH2 gene and exhibit acetaldehyde accumulation after alcohol consumption beverages have the highest of. Allergy to something in alcoholic beverages, most of the world the research measuring acetaldehyde levels in foods... Genetic metabolic disorder found in such foods as kidney beans, Brussels sprouts, apples and pears acetaldehyde due... Acquired immune response ) is acetaldehyde the piece of newspaper has to there. Ingredients and it is sugar-free our content is accurate and current by reading our some are! Approximately 40-50 % of Eastern Asian individuals, but why beverages, most of the upper tract... Intestinal tract improve the look of visible blood vessels your body the results condition ( although people! One month genetic Polymorphisms of ADH2 and ALDH2 Associated with esophageal cancer from alcohol will them. Acetaldehyde accumulation after alcohol consumption one month essential if you have any questions regarding of. Piece of newspaper has to be there in order to create a better fit... Digestive tract, particularly in those with normal, functioning mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in human....
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