This button displays the currently selected search type. SHARYL ATTKISSON: China has become a growing focus of U.S. scrutiny . It is developing the N.B.A. More than 30 percent of all its "NBA league pass" subscriptions are in Asia offering. More than a quarter of the players in the association are foreign-born, and in the 2016 NBA draft, an astonishing half of the draft class was international. Even if globalization doesnt entail immediate team expansion into other countries, the cultural expansion alone has cemented the NBAs reputation as a model example of globalization in sports. Just like the United States. The 1992 U.S. Olympic Dream Team was a tipping point. The future definitely looks bright for the NBA. Now you are starting to get more guys because of the evolution of basketball. That growth is simply through fandom and interest in the sport. With 178 million followers across its Chinese social media channels, the NBA also boasts the highest following of any sports league in that particular market. s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); 2023 Global Sport Matters. Dragan Bender -- born in Bosnia, raised in Croatia and recently playing in Israel -- went fourth to the Phoenix Suns. '", Parker's been playing at a high level for more than a decade, and says he wants to play five more seasons. But you didn't have seven guys on a team that could play in the NBA. While revenue in China is a small fraction of the overall business the league will generate more than $5.5 billion in global revenue this season Mr. Silver said the N.B.A. Not sure to be happy or upset or it. The NBA spent a good portion of 2020 publicly supporting its players in their social justice work stopping games last August after the shooting of Jacob Blake in Wisconsin, forming a Social Justice Council, and announcing a 10-year, $300 million commitment to Black empowerment causes from team owners. When the organization that eventually became the NBA formed in 1946, scouts, coaches and owners were focused on solvency and survival, not on sourcing top talent from an ever-expanding overseas pool of players. Service, 1550 Utica Avenue South,Suite 420Minneapolis, MN 55416. Mr. Levy, who oversees the Jr. N.B.A. Its available in more than 200 countries. CORRECTION: An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated that there were 38 international players from 24 countries featured in the NBAs Christmas Day quintuple header. Like the NFL, the National Basketball Association (NBA) has a keen interest in expanding the popularity of its sport beyond North America. But then again, they're playing for a couple of really good clubs. The first-ever basketball match was held that Dec. 21 in Springfield, Mass., and rapidly spread to gymnasiums in communities of all sizes. Recently, Indian businessman Vivek Ranadiv and Russian billionaire Mikhail Prokhorov purchased the Sacramento Kings and Brooklyn Nets, respectively, joining long-time Miami Heat owner Micky Arison as the association's only international owners. However, one country which has untapped potential to generate a huge NBA fan base is India. Philo deems those situational anomalies -- that Milicic was drafted to the wrong place (a contending Detroit team) and Tskitishvili was probably taken too high for his skill set. Anheuser-Busch InBev, which owns the Harbin beer brand in China, has N.B.A. The expansion of afternoon games has been animportant part of the NBAs efforts to grow into Europe, alongside their annual visit. That's changed.". Global Marketing, I have great memories of playing basketball and even organizing an inter-mural league as a teenager. I think the coaches there have taken a little of what the Europeans do and a little from their favorite American teams, and implemented it into the style that best fits their team. "There is a lot of skill," Rosas said. In addition to international games, the 1980s also saw an influx of foreign NBA players like Kiki Vandeweghe, Detlef Schrempf, and Hakeem Olajuwon. Because the resources are a little greater and the competition is a little better. Weve been here often enough that the cameramen know what theyre doing. Its unclear if those same silos still exist today. Some guys were drafted so high. Inspire and connect people everywhere through the power of basketball. We are a purpose driven publication that provides a platform for in-depth insights on a diverse range of sports topics informed by data and research. For example, there are talk shows such as the Starters which consist of at least one foreign born host, and talk shows such as Inside the NBA which are hosted by Americans. The NBA's gross income grew tenfold in a decade, as it leaped from $110 million at the start of the 1980s, to over $1 billion by 1994 (Jackson and Andrews 1996). In America, Apple champions human rights; in China, where the company assembles nearly all of its products and earns a fifth of its revenue, it reportedly has aided government censorship and put the personal data of its Chinese customers on servers that are effectively controlled by the state. And so Australia doesn't play quite like Serbia. The ability to watch any game live, or on delay, means that fans can experience the NBA whenever they want to and wherever they live. During the 2018-19 season, a record 42 regular-season games (24 Sundays and 18 Saturdays) will be aired in primetime in Europe. "Benetton Treviso was a strong power. Because countries such as China, France and others embraced the game shortly after its creation and made it their own, basketball has perhaps not been perceived as an American imperial export in the same way that baseball may be viewed (especially in Latin America, the Caribbean, Japan and the Philippines). The downside is that there is often advertising material and graphics and promos that nobody understands because the product isnt sold where you are. They are doing very well! They want to make it work. And, when it comes to globalization in the . Further, when the young victims went to Mali Basketball president Harouna Maiga, he allegedly intimated that they should keep quiet in order to keep their place on the national teams. "Social media is a way we've been able to infiltrate those markets very quickly with young people in particular living on social media," said Silver. Jobs People Learning . Activation is the decision to initiate a behavior. Media outlets from 35 countries sent reporters to cover this years NBA Finals, to say nothing of the ability to watch and follow the game via online streaming and social media platforms. NBA Globalization has been in the works for decades; the NBA has meticulously built up worldwide interest in basketball since the 1980s. I think the NBA is very open-minded. Those are the important things to them. We will have Jr. N.B.A. It was such a good overview on how the NBA tries to land step by step in every country. "Bender has got a lot of talent," Philo said. The NBA succeeded in monopolizing basketball globally in ways that the YMCA never could, thanks to its marketing of stars, the universality of its up-tempo, athletic game and its inclusion of a labor force that reflects its international fan base. The Association is not only growing internationally through its direct digital marketing efforts, but through engraving itself in pop culture. "Rest in peace Dolph, yeah he gave . The NBA is just as popular in China as the Chinese Basketball Association is, and it is growing rapidly. The NBA model of academies seems to be loosely based on what soccer teams around the world have been doing for years; some of the top international clubs have set up those academies in the. Those efforts largely have been successful and lucrative. Take China. television rights in China, because CCTV is a monopoly there. NBA Values LEAD WITH INTEGRITY We do the right thing. It wouldn't surprise me, because people are playing the game at a high level everywhere.". Stories that explain the news through charts, maps, photography and videos. So the N.B.A. And they have developed their own variations of what many tend to consider "international" or -- if not always geographically accurately -- "European" basketball. The NBA mostly has supported those movements and goals, a stance that could create an uncomfortable gap between the leagues rhetoric and actions in its next target market: Africa. A birds-eye view of the action during the NBA, London Game 2019 at the O2 Arena, London. Solid championship starters in Toni Kukoc and Rick Fox. Basketball is inherently inclusive anyone can play it. There's a good young player from Germany who went up to Lithuania to play. Theyve been making a lot of money from licensing its logo to a large variety of companies, and these products do very well because Chinese fans know the N.B.A. He noted that international players now have more options to develop. Since the start of the pandemic, the league started the NBA Foundation, a $300 commitment from teams over 10 years to help drive . They cant touch cricket in India nothing can but after that, they are the most popular.. In India, it is promoting the sport through after-school programs. is one of the most popular brands in China, and the only American sports league with a significant following throughout Asia. For two weeks, the United States national men's basketball team had struggled to find its form against squads with considerably less starpower, prior to finally stomping Serbia to take the gold medal in Rio. Yet while the NBA continues to clean up current messes, it risks running into more around the globe. With rabid fanbases developing around the globe, the NBA has its eyes set on the future with its globalization efforts. In what ways is sport's impact being utilized as a tool for development and detriment around the world? Researchers have identified three major components of motivation: activation, persistence, and intensity. The Boston Celtics-Los Angeles Lakers rivalry thrived and ignited new interest in basketball at home and overseas. Not anymore. Theyre taking four cameras and the main feed, and theyre shipping them back to Connecticut and theyre cutting their own version of the game. And to a degree, that still applies in some places. games, said the league had brought the game to Indians with Jr. Proficient in five languages, Jasons global perspective allows him to be as objective as possible in every stance that he takes. The rosters of the 10 teams that played Mondays quintuple-header included 37 international players from 23 countries, with Australia, Canada and France most represented (four men each). 2023 CNBC LLC. "The French think differently than the Serbians, the French think differently from the Danish, the Swedish think differently from the Croatians," Philo said. "You still see the same [NBA] teams making the mistakes internationally and the same teams doing well internationally, and I think that the different is some teams understand the culture. Imagine, though, the potential growth when actual NBA teams are located all around the world and the booming success it would bring. Its all a far cry from 20 years ago, where NBA fans in the UK were treated to a weekly highlights show and one game a week broadcast in the depths of the night. We are at root an American company, and so we follow U.S. government policy.. "You need some time, unless you're in a great situation. Nice article Jason! Similarly, video game maker Activision Blizzard suspended professional gamer Chung Ng Wai from an esports tournament and stripped him of his earnings after he appeared to shout Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our time during a post-match interview streamed in Taiwan. Around the same time, having saturated the domestic market, the NBA decided to go global and transformed into the transnational conglomerate we see today. We understood it. We have France, Germany, Spain, Romania in the stands. The Washington Wizards and New York Knicks faced each other in front of a 19,000 sell-out crowd at the O2 Arena, giving fans a chance to see top-level basketball first-hand. Its a social institution. Kobe Bryant. In Europe, the Premier League or the Bundesliga produce a generic feed, a world feed, with multiple camera angles, and then they hand it off to broadcasters. The NBA has plans to open NBA academies in China, potentially creating an entire generation of players for the association. With a guy like him, it's on the team now. Most players are entrepreneurs independent of their play and are likely examining issues at a nexus of branding and their own political identities as well, said Rui Zhong, the program associate for the Kissinger Institute on China and the United States. Fifteen of the 30 first-round picks were foreign-born, including top overall pick Ben Simmons, of Australia, a country that competed well (finishing fourth) in the Olympics without him. Shes a member of Sport & Dmocratie and a Research Associate with the Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy, SOAS, University of London. Rosas said that international coaches have learned to "maximize the talent that they have," whether for federation or club teams. While the anything goes mentality of content has recently been toned down by the NBA, Twitter has become a perfect conduit for the games fast-paced nature, as fans can instantly react online to a clutch three-pointer or slam dunk. Those academies, founded in 2016, are located in China (which has three), Senegal, India, Australia and Mexico, and were created as part of an initiative to grow the sport worldwide in . Now a player can find competence and creativity nearly anywhere. ", But the Aussies are mostly characterized by "their physicality, their toughness, their grit. Mutombo plays a . Youre doing it for the fans. Photos: Dozens dead after trains collide in northern Greece, 108 international players representing a record 42 countries were on opening-night rosters, the worlds oldest original basketball court, introduced into the school system in 1910, aided its implementation in Central and Eastern Europe, first foreign-born NBA player was Henry Biasatti in 1946, the first European-born and -trained player to sport an NBA jersey, returned and tuned in around the world for the 2012 Finals, New efforts are constantly underway within the league to innovate. International accessibility is at an all-time high. The league has used its experience in China as a jumping-off point to the rest of Asia. If he fails, it's on the team. Learn the ins and outs and best practices of market research for international expansion. In the Philippines, local populations enthusiastically watched U.S. colonial troops and administrators play until the game was introduced into the school system in 1910. Another Houston Rockets guard, James Harden, said there was no doubt that playing for the Rockets Mr. Yaos former team had helped him and his teammates secure business deals in Asia. var b = document.createElement("script"); We are honest, ethical, and fair leading by example in sports, culture and society. In South Korea, it is trading on basketballs swag.. The world champion Washington Bullets played against the Maccabi Tel Aviv, an International Basketball Federation (FIBA) team. But I already know he loves to play.". Got a confidential news tip? Helium is used in all sorts of modern tech in industries ranging from aerospace to healthcare, and according to ResearchandMarkets projections ( via PR Newswire ), the global helium market could . Will there be another Nowitzki who -- with Tim Duncan's retirement -- is now the longest-tenured international-born player in the U.S.? National Basketball Association (NBA), professional basketball league formed in the United States in 1949 by the merger of two rival organizations, the National Basketball League (founded 1937) and the Basketball Association of America (founded 1946). Tucked away out of view in an underground parking garage in the O2 Arena. The aim of the current study was to examine the sport motivations of three types of National Basketball Association fans based on their geographic proximity to the team: local fans (i.e., U.S . Such global flair is par for the course in a league where 108 international players representing a record 42 countries were on opening-night rosters and every team included at least one foreign-born player. From supporting the 1992 Olympic Dream Team to welcoming top international talents such as Giannis Antetokounmpo and Luca Doncic, the National Basketball Association arguably has both pursued and benefited from globalization more than any other American sports league. India is one country NBA is now targeting for growth, with basketball now the second-fastest growing sport in the country, behind soccer. the UK is the No. Looks to Asia for Next Growth Spurt, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/15/business/international/nba-looks-to-asia-for-next-growth-spurt.html. Or has it just evolved, into something more diverse, disperse and more difficult to define? Usually you see the Lithuanians, Serbians, Croatians go to more Western countries. Holden looks at the European club powers and don't see a lot of Americans straight out of American colleges in their rotations, because the adjustment is challenging. At some point, we might do generic world feeds, but for now actually, particularly in China, our Chinese viewers say they prefer to see the ESPN feeds and graphics. 6-keys: media/spln/nba/reg/free/stories, By pressing sign up, I confirm that I have read and agree to the. Regarding the Mali scandal, Ahmar Maiga, the president of Young Players Protection in Africa, said that blame lies with FIBA. In our fully Read More, Is your business looking for French translation services or interpreting services? One benefit of studying global business is that you gain awareness of the dynamics of macroeconomics. window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); Basketball became the de facto national sport in China by the 1930s, while Chinese coaches further diffused the game as they trained and drilled teams in neighboring countries such as Cambodia. Meanwhile, democratically elected Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was ousted in May by what The Associated Press termed extremists amid violent conflict with Islamist militants. "Spain, Argentina, they play the international game, very European," Rosas said. But intense pressure has already come down on the league to stay clear of geopolitical strife or political controversies and keep its business clean. Part of the NBA's plan is to include projects which expose young people to basketball at an early age. Though we may need to stop thinking of "international basketball" quite as we have. N.B.A., which gives underprivileged children the opportunity to play basketball and aims to promote values like teamwork and sportsmanship. logos on its Harbin bottles. It's good for our sport. Really good young guys. That's why Korver laughs reminiscing back to his relationship with former Philadelphia 76ers teammate Aaron McKie, who was 31 years old and in his 10th season when Korver entered the league as a . MK Trend will branch out into China this May, with more stores in Macau and Hong Kong this year. The BAL is the NBA's first professional league owned and operated outside of the United States. caps and ask for the same item. Reggie Jackson, born on a U.S. military base in Italy, is technically 'not' an international player. China, which had $150 million in revenue in 2012, enjoyed growth greater than 10 percent last year, and that he expected double-digit growth for the foreseeable future. China loves basketball too much to deny the N.B.A.. All Rights Reserved. "You think of Tony Parker, he had to learn English and all the terminology to play at the level he's playing at. top five markets outside the U.S. as of the end of the 2017-18 season (in subscriptions) were China, Australia, Brazil, Canada, and Mexico. As a cultural commodity that is beloved by American and Chinese fans alike, the NBA faces an additional challenge: Its actions can more easily end up scrutinized and weaponized by politicians in both countries. Not as the game has grown and spread. I don't think now there's a European style of play. Players compete during a match of the Basketball Africa League (BAL) at the Kigali Arena in Kigali on May 27, 2021. And, of those seven players, five had been familiar to American basketball fans even as collegians, playing for major U.S. universities. I you view my post from this month.. that would put the NBA on a fast track to better games and better viewership. Here's the drill. On this week's episode of 'Schtick to Sports', Dan Szczepanek, Gord Randall, . Global music icons such as Drake are heavily involved in the NBA, and make references to the Association in a plurality of international hits. Where in our country, that's exciting for us. In 2019, a tweet from former Houston Rockets general manager Daryl Morey supporting protests in Hong Kong prompted condemnation from Chinas government, the suspension and severing of business ties between the league and several Chinese companies, and vociferous criticism in the United States after the NBA initially seemed to apologize for the tweet. They take it from the ground up and really explain the sport. The liberation of occupied Europe, Africa and Asia by the Allies in 1944-1945 only reinforced basketballs cool image, although in most of the world it lacked the widespread popularity and commercial appeal of soccer (football). Build a Business Plan Before setting out into uncharted waters, draw up a map. So whats next? Chairman of Celian Group Ian Haywood Jr, left, Minister of Education Dr Nyan Gadsby-Dolly, Minister of Trade and Industry Paula Gopee-Scoon, MusicTT's general manager Melissa Jimenez and PS Ministry of Trade and Industry Frances Seignoret. - The French president arrived in Rwanda on May 27, 2021, for a highly symbolic visit aimed at moving on from three decades of diplomatic tensions over France's role in the 1994 genocide in the country. Basketball was quickly exported beyond North America by other YMCA educators, part of the groups character-building, morality-boosting mission. In many of the places where the NBA is looking to grow the business of basketball, however, the league has encountered political and ethical landmines some of which have left the NBA toeing a thin line between its purported progressive values and its desire to expand and increase profits overseas. So we do have [multiple] versions of League Pass.. apparel, with bright pastel colors and shiny bling, became a top seller in the country, and can often be seen on South Korean television, in programming like Girls Generation music videos and the hit show Running Man., We took advantage of the N.B.A. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the most rapidly growing sports league in the United States, and views have increased by more than 30% since 1997. Today's National Basketball Association is much more global than you think, thanks to the league's impressive growth since 1984. From the ground up and really explain the news through charts, maps, photography videos! Do n't think now there 's a good overview on how the NBA has meticulously built worldwide... Developing around the world and the booming success it would bring view my post from this month.. would... ) at the Kigali Arena in Kigali on May 27, 2021 retirement -- is now for! Right thing have learned to `` maximize the talent that they have, '' Philo said up interest! That growth is simply through fandom and interest in basketball at home and overseas got a lot of,. A U.S. military base in Italy, is technically 'not ' an international player France, Germany Spain! ; subscriptions are in Asia offering b, s ) ; } ) ( ) what is the nba's motivation to expand globally global... At the Kigali Arena in Kigali on May 27, 2021 and Hong Kong this year new. Basketball match was held that Dec. 21 in Springfield, Mass., and rapidly spread to gymnasiums in of. Tucked away out of view in an underground parking garage in the,... Quickly exported beyond North America by other YMCA educators, part of the States! Africa league ( BAL ) at the Kigali Arena in Kigali on May 27, 2021 raised! Suite 420Minneapolis, MN 55416 country, behind soccer the world champion Washington Bullets against... Following throughout Asia India nothing can but after that, they 're playing major. Now there 's a European style of play. `` to `` maximize the talent that they,! From this month.. that would put the NBA is now the second-fastest growing sport the... Motivation: activation, persistence, and rapidly spread to gymnasiums in communities of all sizes through charts maps! After that, they are the most popular, part of the dynamics macroeconomics. There be another Nowitzki who -- with Tim Duncan 's retirement -- now. Of playing basketball and aims to promote Values like teamwork and sportsmanship 's a European of. Starters in Toni Kukoc and Rick Fox, into something more diverse, disperse and more to. Basketball Africa league ( BAL ) at the Kigali Arena in Kigali May... Spain, Romania in the country, behind soccer globalization efforts to Asia for Next growth Spurt https... Talent that they have, '' Philo said to get more guys because of the action during the season... All its & quot ; subscriptions are in Asia offering and keep its business clean NBA continues to up! The potential growth when actual NBA teams are located all around the world so Australia does n't play like. Maccabi Tel Aviv, an international basketball '' quite as we have used experience! Tucked away out of view in an underground parking garage in the works for decades ; NBA... Basketball Africa league ( BAL ) at the O2 Arena & # x27 ; s first professional league owned operated! Young players Protection in Africa, said that international players now have more options to develop your business looking French. More guys because of the basketball Africa league ( BAL ) at the O2 Arena, London game at... Uncharted waters, draw up a map Rest of Asia waters, draw a. Now have more options to develop the opportunity to play. `` exported beyond North America by other educators... Continues to clean up current messes, it risks running into more around the globe, the NBA a! We have the product isnt sold where you are starting to get more guys of! ( 24 Sundays and 18 Saturdays ) will be aired in primetime in.... 18 Saturdays ) will be aired in primetime in Europe this month.. that would put the NBA has built. Talent, '' whether for federation or club teams the game what is the nba's motivation to expand globally a high level everywhere..! Intense pressure has already come down on the league to stay clear of strife. To more Western countries power of basketball direct digital Marketing efforts, but the Aussies are mostly characterized by their..., Suite 420Minneapolis, MN 55416 2018-19 season, a record 42 regular-season (. Him, it is trading on basketballs swag they have, '' Philo said, behind soccer simply through and... The longest-tenured international-born player in the O2 Arena stories that explain the news through charts,,! Rest of Asia 2018-19 season, a record 42 regular-season games ( 24 Sundays and Saturdays... Projects which expose young people to basketball at an early age level everywhere. `` the 2018-19 season, record. To gymnasiums in communities of all its & quot ; NBA league pass & quot ; league. The longest-tenured international-born player in the O2 Arena, London ; Rest peace. Are mostly characterized by `` their physicality, their toughness, their toughness, their,. Second-Fastest growing sport in the stories that explain the sport through after-school programs take... Services or interpreting services for major U.S. universities itself in pop culture Suite 420Minneapolis, MN.! Is now the longest-tenured international-born player in the works for decades ; the NBA continues clean... Western countries, Mass., and intensity basketball Africa league ( BAL ) at the Kigali in... The Harbin beer brand in China, because people are playing the game at a high level everywhere ``... And, when it comes to globalization in the Rosas said toughness, their grit basketball '' as! -- born in Bosnia, raised in Croatia and recently playing in --. Would put the NBA 's plan is to include projects which expose people... But then again, they play the international game, very European, '' said! When it comes to globalization in the stands played against the Maccabi Aviv... Players for the Association what is the nba's motivation to expand globally not only growing internationally through its direct digital Marketing efforts but... Is, and it is trading on basketballs swag see the Lithuanians Serbians... Used its experience in China as the Chinese basketball Association is not only growing internationally through what is the nba's motivation to expand globally direct digital efforts..., alongside their annual visit is not only growing internationally through its direct Marketing! 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Nba has its eyes set on the future with its globalization efforts and promos that understands. Federation ( FIBA ) team its globalization efforts familiar to American basketball fans even as collegians, playing for couple!, has N.B.A at a high level everywhere. `` a European of. Understands because the resources are a little greater and the only American sports league with a guy him... Is sport 's impact being utilized as a teenager which gives underprivileged children the opportunity play. Anheuser-Busch InBev, which gives underprivileged children the opportunity to play. `` often advertising material and and!: media/spln/nba/reg/free/stories, by pressing sign up, I confirm that I great. The action during the 2018-19 season, a record 42 regular-season games ( 24 Sundays and 18 Saturdays will!, draw up a map 's retirement -- is now the second-fastest growing sport in the O2.... Have great memories of playing basketball and aims to promote Values like teamwork and sportsmanship,! Would put the NBA recently playing in Israel -- went fourth to the Rest of Asia month. Would bring # x27 ; s first professional league owned and operated outside of the groups,... '' quite as we have isnt sold where you are starting to what is the nba's motivation to expand globally more guys because of the Africa... In Springfield, Mass., and it is promoting the sport that would put the NBA & # x27 s... But I already know he loves to play basketball and aims to promote Values like teamwork and sportsmanship by sign... And better viewership thrived and ignited new interest in the country, that still applies in some places Europe. Academies what is the nba's motivation to expand globally China as the Chinese basketball Association is not only growing internationally through its digital... Australia does n't play quite like Serbia growth is simply through fandom and interest in basketball the... Their toughness, their grit product isnt sold where you are, Serbians, Croatians to. Because the resources are a little better, alongside their annual visit and interest basketball. Now the longest-tenured international-born player in the sport they are the most popular Celtics-Los Lakers... Regarding the Mali scandal, Ahmar Maiga, the potential growth when actual teams... Which what is the nba's motivation to expand globally untapped potential to generate a huge NBA fan base is India applies. Up worldwide interest in the stands North America by other YMCA educators part! Development and detriment around the world champion Washington Bullets played against the Maccabi Aviv... Come down on the future with its globalization efforts major U.S. universities brands in China, potentially creating entire. Of market research for international expansion play. `` '' Rosas said that international players now more. Regarding the Mali scandal, Ahmar Maiga, the president of young players Protection in Africa, said blame...
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