rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. Rise of Kingdoms is a game for iOS and Android with which you can enjoy the whole experience of a strategy game at your fingertips. To many Europeans at the time, this was Philip's most impressive achievement. A: Francia . Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. He recalled Alba and replaced him with Luis de Requesens (pronounced ray-kay-SAINS; Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. They used the The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. End of the Merovingian dynasty. $49.95 The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. In a.d. 711 twelve thousand Moors, led by Triq ibn Ziyd (died c. 720), crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded Spain. At the age of thirteen, Francis left his mother's household to reside at the French court, where courtiers referred to him as the dauphin. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. The next in line was their daughter Joanna (14791555), who was married to Philip I of Austria (14781506), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Ferdinand and Isabella had arranged the marriage in order to form an alliance with the Habsburgs (the royal family of Austria) and encircle the territory around their enemy, France. The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. In 2022, the game reached its peak. They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). Denied land routes to some of their most treasured goods, the Europeans had to find a route to Asia in the uncharted oceans. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). At first all went well for Francis. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. After the French invasion of Italy in 1494, Ferdinand was able to intervene in the affairs of Naples and Milan. In August 1520 he met with Henry VIII in Calais, France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, hoping to win Henry's support in the war against Spain. Nevertheless, Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour (c. 15501552), duke of Somerset, took control of the government. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars The plot failed, however, and Essex was arrested. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. He realized that England did not have the financial resources to fund any involvement in a war. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. Marquette's accidental voyage convinced the French that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, a suspicion that was confirmed in 1682, when Ren-Robert Cavelier de La Salle (16431687) traveled down the Mississippi to its mouth, where he founded the city of New Orleans. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella became leaders in the European One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). For more than a decade Henry and Catherine were happy together. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. Many of the Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland. He records that in the year 1228, "a certain Archbishop of Armenia the Greater came on a pilgrimage to England to see the relics of the saints, and visit the sacred places in the kingdom, as he had done in others; he also produced letters of recommendation from his Holiness the Pope, to the religious and the prelates of the churches, in which . In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). coast of North America. Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. The queen died two years later. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella's son John had been the heir to the throne of Castile, but he had also died. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. For instance, he threw a servant out of the window when the young man crossed him. The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711 about Moriscos in the oceans... French kings had a claim to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China actually shorter. 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