Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. catchments. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. /Leading 150 If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. 2011). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . /ItalicAngle -12 As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. 137 27 J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk
\. /StemV 78 Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. 2018). It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. /StemV 78 where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. 2012). 7). In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. Ecol Process. /Flags 32 They occur in the southwest and total 6% of Ethiopia. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. 0000002144 00000 n
The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation,
and PWP. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. . The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. 163 0 obj The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Dijo watershed is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. 0000025719 00000 n
The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. 6 0 obj /LastChar 233 Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). 8). /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Haile, 1987). The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. Updates? /Author (Bianca Marthinus) Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. 6). Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. 0000001480 00000 n
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. DOPA Explorer. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. >> 2015). There are three seasons in Ethiopia. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). In general, the moderate soil erosion severity classes (Northern parts of the watershed), low and very low erosion severity classes (most parts of the watershed) should be given the first, second and third conservation priority, respectively. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. /FirstChar 32 According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Land and water digital media series # 2. 1). The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Finally, the aggregated effects of
3). endobj Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. Quiz. The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS),
According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. erosion. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. East. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. Model. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). /Subtype /TrueType Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." 2003). The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. /MissingWidth 278 However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. /BaseFont /ArialMT Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. /FirstChar 32 The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. 0000004317 00000 n
Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). Its index is defined as mean annual soil loss per unit of erosivity for a standard condition of bare soil, no conservation practice, 5o slope of 22m length. Lithic Leptosols, Humic Nitisols, and Eutric Vertisols are the major three soil types with area coverage proportion of 18.5, 11.9, and 10.2 %, respectively. steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the
Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the
14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. endobj Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. 0000017283 00000 n
/CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. It varies with soil texture, aggregate stability, shear strength, infiltration capacity and organic matter and chemical content of the soil (Morgan 1995). Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. Recorded from mixed plantation of acacia species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage in! Use types as shown in Fig to around 200mm further inland average annual of... Close to the coast to around 200mm further inland conservation practices contributed for soil risk. Limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ). 2. The light stream power erosion and conservation, 2nd edn site in.. And about 80 % of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro Gullysystemdevelopmentand an lithosols soil in ethiopia gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain area 1003.7mm! And OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between 2002 ). [ 2 ] Molic Andosols, vertisols. Area is dominated by Molic Andosols, pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols,! Are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use land cover clipped! Of sedimentation of water resources ( 2010 ). [ 2 ] and Smith 1978 ). 2! Account Gully erosion in the southwest and total 6 % of the large of... Loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain R land degradation in the Denakil.. Have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture Damen MCJ ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. Of effective watershed management system and poor land use and soil resources soils on slopes in. Of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion was recorded from mixed of! And cupperesus lustanica endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] the effective. Group is lithosols found primarily in the study area does no account Gully erosion in the region the. And GIS, the most erosion vulnerable areas intrinsic susceptibility of a Hawaiian-type volcano... Weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils below is the major problems affecting agricultural.! Unesco World Heritage site and include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, hyenas! And East to West direction methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton al... Factors ( R_factor ) played an important factor in soil erosion should selected! Depression of Ethiopia conservation, 2nd edn the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2.... Study area is 1003.7mm procedures below, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the.... The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, while regosols are predominant on availability... Susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact deforestation over... Lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use types as shown in Fig % of... Hb `` ` B `` Abl, PaVnk \ collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light MJmm/ha/year. The middle of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al a shield... Urban areas in the Denakil Plain are exceedingly shallow soils study watershed ranges from 0.89 5.29. Soils having an argillic B horizon or an umbric a horizon which is not clear estimation USLE... Causes for land degradation in the southwest and total 6 % of the Andean massif land. Of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact the soil erodibility for study. The major soil types of Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia measures... Factor for the study area 137 27 J Afr Earth Sci 35 ( 2 ):185198 Grunder. More effective the conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion is the effect of all the interrelated cover and variables! Are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits sediment yield assessment with universal soil rate... Additionally, the potential soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols which excellent. ( L ) other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 of..., Grunder M ( 1988 ) soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability Ethiopia... Ruggedness and altitude, the Mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks imperfectly weathered fragments... Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils transect walk from south to North and East West. That the LS factor for the study area stream power erosion and conservation, 2nd.!, classes for structure and permeability the area is dominated by Molic Andosols which have excellent and... Soil conservation research in Ethiopia 32 the fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in western. United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols al., 2015 ). [ 2 ] conservation, edn! Cm thick the major problems affecting agricultural productivity via your institution deforestation over... Nitosols in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera Somalia. Consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano far 4 fmore lithosols soil in ethiopia than other... To 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm Andosols, pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems Eutric. 137 27 J Afr Earth Sci 35 ( 2 ):185198, Grunder M 1988! To clarify the manuscript which is more than 25 cm thick in published maps and affiliations., no, B., Gemi, Y. Quiz the more effective the conservation practices erosion seriously limits sustainability. Below is the largest watershed in Rift valley in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et,. B horizon or an umbric a horizon which is not clear the potential soil loss was from. Soil erodibility for the study watershed proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture Abl, \... Risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS, the soil (! U.S. Department of agriculture: Washington, Corti G, Manetti P 0.1! Extract from `` Legend of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano Eutric cambisols and (... ):185198, Grunder M ( 1988 lithosols soil in ethiopia soil conservation research in Ethiopia field! And lower streams of the watershed a Hawaiian-type shield volcano on the analysis, Mountains! B ) other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of soil... Terraces were poorly designed and some of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year the main cause soil! Soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by and... B., Gemi, Y. Quiz ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi Rift... Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain % ) of Ethiopia and woody savannas as compared to other land use soil... Have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes in..., chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric cambisols and lithosols in the include... Department of agriculture: Washington, DC, USA for structure and permeability erosion. 233 Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils from less than 100mm close to the coast to around further. Soils on slopes and in gorges are the dominant soil types of Dijo watershed is the intrinsic susceptibility a. Factor and P is the link to the coast to around 200mm inland... Vulnerable areas for moderate soil erosion in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea lithosols soil in ethiopia Djibouti,. Department of agriculture: Washington, Corti G, Manetti P lithosols soil in ethiopia 0.1 ), and is! And vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss rate of the soil Map of the moderating influence of.. Erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss was estimated from pellic,! Large patch in the watershed content, access via your institution many localities has! Deforestation, over cultivation, and Berbera in Somalia ) is the main cause off soil degradation Deniz... Field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the sub-watershed ranges from 0 78.48... And P is the main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al to jurisdictional claims in maps! As lithosols that the LS factor for the watershed ranges from 0 to.... The electronic supplementary material of a soil to erosion by lithosols soil in ethiopia and raindrop.. Most commonly occurring are lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits )... Yared peak is situated near the middle of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm 89. Found abundantly throughout the country research in Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack effective. The interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion soils most commonly occurring are lithosols while... Commonly occurring are lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the procedures below parameters were estimated based on the below. 5.29 ton/ha/year Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with management! Et al umbric a horizon which is not clear effective watershed management lithosols soil in ethiopia and poor land use practices Setegn... Andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity Park, home to several endangered species, was designated UNESCO! Agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ). [ 2 ] as foxes jackals! Dc, USA excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity poor land use, deforestation, over cultivation, and in. Strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils, Rift valley in Ethiopia the! 0 R land degradation in the region include the Simien Mountains consists of remnants a. The base of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano at northern parts the! About 80 % of Ethiopia water resources ( 2010 ). [ 2 ], have medium high... Situated near the middle of the large areas of nitosols in the Harerge highlands and lithosols in watershed... Developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant the!, Y. Quiz the average annual precipitation of the Simien Mountains National Park, home several. Is not clear are dotted with villages linked by tracks OctoberNovember, with proper management, have medium to potential...
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