what are the sources of health care financing

In 2013, 15 per cent of adults between the ages of 19 and 64 were uninsured (Kaiser Family Foundation 2013). pricewaterhousecoopers money tree survey http://www.pwcmoneytree.com/ ipo.com, Health Care Financing and Managed Care - . Hypothecated taxation. The main sources of revenue for private health insurance are either compulsory or voluntary prepayments, which typically take the form of regular premium payments as part of an insurance contract. 2014. 2015 international profiles of health care systems [online]. The precise combination of funding sources in use develops over time based on a countrys context, history and social values. Canadian Institute for Health Information (2016). - This article explains a conceptual framework for how the design of health financing systems affects health goals, including achievement of UHC. The NHS is experiencing the longest and most severe slowdown in funding in its history. What Are the Practical Considerations for Outcome-Based Payment in the NHS? Growth in spending is projected to average 6.7% annually over the period 2007 through 2017. Source: SAGIA, Ministry of Health, the World Bank, Colliers Analysis 2022. The source of the data for this visualization is the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - a nationally representative longitudinal survey that collects information on healthcare utilization and expenditure, health insurance, and health status, as well sociodemographic and economic characteristics for civilian non-institutionalized population. The Nigerian National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) is an initiative planned to pool more resources to the health care sector and improve the level of access and utilization of health care services. I hope to move home someday. London: HM Treasury. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. When experience rating is used to set premiums, the sick bear a higher financial burden of illness then when community rating is used. Resource Inputs (trained staff,drugs, knowledge, facilities,etc.). In classic social insurance models, members (normally employees) contribute a proportion of their salary, with the level of contribution related to income rather than risk of illness. Revenues mostly come from the taxes but also from external donors which are used to deliver health services by the Federal Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), provinces and municipalities. to improve health, Health care financing Case study - . Health Care Financing - . group ii. Available at: www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2016/jan/international-profiles-2015 (accessed on 28 February 2017). The Pardee RAND Graduate School (PardeeRAND.edu) is home to the only Ph.D. and M.Phil. Health systems require financial resources to accomplish their goals. The social care and health systems of nine countries. This means it does not discriminate against those who are older or have pre-existing medical conditions. The NHS is funded mainly through general taxation supplemented by National Insurance contributions. Health Care Finance "Function of a health system concerned with the accumulation, mobilization and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system." (WHO) 3. Higher-income individuals may not be eligible for such subsidies but may choose to enroll in other schemes, such as private health insurance. LaingBuisson website. Health Economics, vol 19, no 5, pp 503-17. HCF team also takes research studies in issues related to health financing in the country. pays for all or part of a persons health care, Health Care Financing - . It might also encourage previously passive patients to become more active consumers of GP services, stimulating innovation and choice in the primary care market. Tax-based financing for health systems: options and experiences [online]. Various exemptions are in place: for pregnant women (for treatment related to pregnancy), prisoners, people with severe disability or long-term conditions, and those over the age of 65 and under the age of 6 who live in households with a gross income below a nationally defined threshold (Mossialos et al 2016). Management. The major health financing mechanisms in Nigeria are namely: (i) government budget using general tax revenue; (ii) direct out-of-pocket payments; (iii) a social insurance scheme known as the Formal Sector Social Health Insurance Programme (FSSHIP) that is implemented by the National health insurance scheme; and (iv) contents. Available at: www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-working-papers.htm (accessed on 9 March 2017). Available at: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN01480 (accessed on 13 March 2017). Proponents of user charges often argue that charging can act as a deterrent to overuse of health care, encouraging people to use health services more responsibly and to engage in less risky behaviour. These arrangements would significantly reduce the amount a charge would generate. However, this type of opt-out needs to be carefully managed to ensure the statutory scheme remains equitable and financially viable. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies website. bucharest, 24th-25th march 2011. financing health : a 360 recognition. Introduction to Strategic Health Purchasing. Donor funding may include grants or concessional loans. Above this, fees are waived, and exemptions are also in place. This online network is a place to share information, find updates on new materials or events related to WHO's work on health financing policy. More information on domestic resource mobilization is available on this webpage. In some countries, PHI is used to complement government/social insurance schemes by covering the costs of publicly funded services that incur user charges. Robertson R, Gregory S, Jabbal J (2014). Mossialos E, Wenzl M, Osborn R, Sarnak D (eds) (2016). Finally, in some countries, people are permitted to opt out of government health coverage or statutory social insurance schemes and purchase PHI as an alternative. France also requires co-payments at the point of access that are capped. In 2018, 40.9 percent of payments in traditional Medicare and 53.6 percent of payments in Medicare Advantage occurred through advanced value-based models, compared with 23.3 percent in Medicaid and. Here we pull together a range of content around the NHS funding debate. A key challenge while establishing quality hospitals in KSA is the high funding requirement. health care finance. Appleby J (2016). For example, in Germany, the basic flat social health insurance contribution rate in 2016 amounts to 14.6 per cent of an employees gross income (with an annual upper limit of 52,200), shared equally between employer and employee. Sources of Health Care Funds This section will cover who pays and who are the major funders. how are funds pooled. Financial support. In the ongoing debate about how best to fund the NHS, some people have proposed that we introduce a charge for visiting the GP. In Nigeria, the healthcare system is financed through different sources, but predominantly through out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, which accounts for 70% of total healthcare spending, putting. Newhouse JP (1993). The major expenses of most health care systems are human resources, care at hospitals, and medications. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Wagstaff A (2010). In Italy, out-of-pocket spending accounted for 18 per cent of total health spending in 2013 comprising spending on services not covered by the public system and co-payments for some services, including pharmaceuticals, specialist visits and some diagnostic testing (Mossialos et al 2016). The International Flow of Development Resources, Recurrent cost constraints threaten the productivity of past, Coordination of external resources is central to the, Unmanageable proliferation of projects, policies and demands. Today, millions of people do not access services due to the cost. It proved poor value for money and was abolished in 1997 by the incoming Labour government (Commission on the Future of Health and Social Care in England 2014b). Subscribe for a weekly round-up of our latest news and content. User charging involves individuals paying for some or all of their medical care out of their own pocket. Subscribe to the weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates on the issues that matter most. This brief provides more information on purchasing, one of the three main health financing functions, and what is needed to promote strategic purchasing. NHS Sustainability Committee. Here we explain the main models used to finance health care: taxation, private health insurance and social health insurance. A large number of unfilled posts , Causes for the recurrent cost problems Poor project design Weak planning, budgeting and resource mechanisms dual budgeting, PIP) Resource availability factors (low per capita income, low growth rates, low savings rations, weak business sectors) Weak management capacity, Aid Coordination and Resource Management, Coordination of external resources is central to the development agenda in many countries. Securing our future health: taking a long-term view: interim report. It may be time to rethink the way federal relief funds are sought and allocated so that aid is more rapidly, accurately, and fairly distributed to hospitals and health systems. Sources of Health Care Financing - . group 4. country profile. It is regressive: because there is normally no link between the price of premiums and personal income, private health insurance costs those on the lowest incomes proportionally more. 1. purchase of private insurance. But the cost of the science pales in comparison to the price we continue to pay for what we don't know about caring for women. But more importantly this is about funding the NHS and beyond. How should the NHS be funded? A well-functioning health financing system ensures that people can access the health services they need without suffering financial hardship and that resources are used efficiently and equitably. We describe two applications in which imputation of race and ethnicity can help mitigate potential algorithmic biases: equitable disease screening algorithms using machine learning and equitable pay-for-performance incentives. FIGURE 1. Paris: OECD publishing. Health financing interventions are broadly categorized into two categoriesdemand side and supply sidebased on differences in who receives financial incentives (e.g., payments that motivate certain behavior that might not occur without the financial benefit (Figure 2)). Available at: https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/lords-select/nhs-sustainability-committee/publications/?type=Written (accessed 13 March 2017). definition of health care financing. As those on low incomes tend to have a higher need for health care, they are also more likely to have higher premiums, which may act as a further barrier to access (Van Doorslaer. Health financing reforms cannot simply be imported from one country to another given the unique context of each country and its starting point in terms of health financing arrangements; the underlying causes of performance problems differ in each country and it is these causes which the reforms proposed in a health financing strategy must address. Health care systems may be financed in various ways, including through government funding, taxation, out-of-pocket payments, private insurance, and donations or voluntary aid. This edition contains a range of new indicators, particularly on risk factors for health. Current expenditure on health (all functions) Inpatient curative and rehabilitative care Outpatient curative and rehabilitative care Long-term care (health) Ancillary services (non-specified by function) Medical goods (non-specified by function) Preventive care Governance and health system and financing administration Other health care services . The relative contribution from each of these sources of finance general taxation, National Insurance and user charges has fluctuated over the years (see Commission on the Future of Health and Social Care in England 2014b). WHO Global Learning Event: Introducing programme-based budgeting in health: the devil is in the details, Health financing and public financial management in decentralized settings, WHO organizes training for twelve African countries on conducting the Health Financing Progress Matrix assessment, COVID-19 vaccination financing and budgeting Q&A, Updated repository of health budgets 2021. Marchildon G (2013). Because SHI contributions are raised purely for health, beneficiaries may be more willing to contribute the rates needed to provide comprehensive coverage. Three key health financing system functions. Rockville, MD 20857. Organization (ministry, hospitals, etc.). Health insurance in Nigeria can be said to have undergone a prolonged incubation over the past five decades and a steady development in the last . When used alongside other funding models, user charges can be a way of raising additional revenue to fund services, although the charge needs to be pitched high enough to outweigh the cost of administering it (see below). Hello I am from England originally, brought over to the US as a child. Canadian Institute for Health Information website. Please don't take this as some American trying to tell the UK what to do. NCSL conducts policy research in areas ranging from agriculture and budget and tax issues to education and health care to immigration and transportation. Informing the Debate About Telemedicine Reimbursement: What Do We Need to Know? For countries to have sustainable family planning programs, they need to ensure that sufficient funds are mobilized for family planning. Country experience should be looked at through the lens of the health financing functions, rather than labels, and can provide valuable lessons. National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2016 [online]. To decide the long-term fate of pandemic-era temporary telemedicine, policymakers should consider the effects of telemedicine on health care spending, patient outcomes, and health equity. NHS Digital website. Health-related social mobility KSM, UOCH 35, Efficiency Measures Overview It is organized in three tiers Function of Health system esp in Health Care Financing 1. Differential exposure to unhealthy, stressful conditions (home, work, etc) 6. Image adapted from Peter Berman. This model tends to incur high management and administrative costs due to the resource required to assess risk, set premiums, design benefit packages and assess claims. We do not consider how social care is funded; in England, health and social care are funded separately, while the definition of social care varies between countries, making comparisons difficult. Introducing these exemptions makes the administration of schemes more complex, and will limit the money such charges can raise. Why Is Health Financing Important to Family Planning? Health care systems: Getting more value for money, OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, No 2. It is soft because most of the NHS budget was still funded through general taxation and charges. Health Financing for Universal Coverage and Health System Performance: Concepts and Implications for Policy. Health care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields. Government tends to play a significant role in financing healthcare in most countries, although the private sector may also play an important role. The World Bank, the Mastercard Foundation . List of gures, tables and boxes Figure 1.1 The health care triangle 2 Figure 1.2 Functions of health care systems 4 Figure 1.3 Examples of funding sources, contribution mechanisms and collection agents 5 Figure 1.4 Total expenditure on health care as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) in Europe as a whole (average for the European Region Recently, the scale of tax relief has been reduced. Berlin: Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. Most financed from patient collections, government grant, donations, and such miscellaneous items as interest earnings or employment schemes Most NGOs have their own facilities or mobile clinics to provide health care. The design of purchasing mechanisms are based on the following four issues: What services should be purchased? the autlwrs recast health care costs into payer categories of business, households, and Federal and State-and-local governments which are more useful for policy analysis. Health and Social Care Information Centre (2016). Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7094 (accessed on 14 March 2017). Figure 1. Action Framework (2016), revenue raising (sources of funds, including government budgets, compulsory or voluntary prepaid insurance schemes, direct out-of-pocket payments by users, and external aid), pooling of funds (the accumulation of prepaid funds on behalf of some or all of the population), purchasing of services (the payment or allocation of resources to health service providers), moving towards predominant reliance on public funding sources, reducing fragmentation in how funds are pooled or mitigating the consequences, moving towards more strategic purchasing of health services, linking provider payments to data on their performance, and to the health needs of the populations they serve. Who collects the funds?Resources for health are often collected by the government or public agencies, but they may also be collected by private health insurance schemes and directly by providers. On the second point, estimates suggest that a 10 charge on the 350450 million visits a year to GPs could raise between 3.5 and 4.5 billion a year (Appleby 2016). This mosaic of payors and providers, along with the ever-increasing costs of healthcare, have created a system that is in need of reform and improvement.The three issues that need to be addressed within the next five years in order to improve the . Contact Information. The guiding principles can be summarized as: Experience demonstrates that real progress is possible in countries at all income levels. in economics from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria., Jon Sussex (he/him) is chief economist at RAND Europe and co-director of the Cambridge Centre for Health Services Research, a collaboration between RAND Europe and the University of Cambridge. There are a variety of failures in health care insurance markets (such as asymmetric information and market power), so when private health insurance is used as a primary source of funding it tends to be heavily regulated. Attaining Sustainable Financing for Family Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some people believe that their current health or disability insurance will pay for their long-term care needs, but most of these insurance policies include limited, if any, long-term care benefits. Or consider purchasing the publication. Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the Nordic countries are some of the other countries that rely mainly on general taxation to fund health care. your login credentials do not authorize you to access this content in the selected format. Here we explain the main models used to finance health care: taxation, private health insurance and social health insurance. This study was a cross-sectional mixed-methods analysis of in-depth multimodal data from 31 POs affiliated with 22 purposefully selected health systems in 4 states. Available at: www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/new-settlement-health-and-social-care-interim (accessed on 3 March 2017). Health system financing is an essential component of UHC but progress toward UHC also requires coordinated actions across the pillars of the health system with particular attention to strengthening human resources for health. Some health financing schemes (e.g. For example, contracting and payment arrangements can incentivize care coordination and improved quality of care; sufficient and timely disbursement of funds to providers can help to ensure adequate staffing and medicines to treat patients. In most countries, the statutory scheme does not raise sufficient funds and is subsidised by other means (see below). For instance, the government may subsidize health services for the poor or vulnerable. There is no shying away from the reality that the NHS is deep in crisis', says Siva Anandaciva, Chief Analyst at The King's Fund. The difference is crucial. In the United States, PHI is the dominant form of health cover for most of the population. Commission on the Future of Health and Social Care in England (2014a). New pandemic-era flexibility that allowed audio-only health visits to be routinely reimbursed as telehealth may be leading to substandard care for those it was meant to serve. The ability to control spending in this way brings with it both benefits and disadvantages. General taxes are an efficient way of raising money, with low administration costs relative to the amount of money they raise. For the sake of simplicity, we have limited this analysis to health care; however, it is important to note that most countries face similar challenges in funding social care. Differences in business practices complicate a universal description of drug supply chains. scrutinizing the health care financing system collection pooling. Tax revenues are collected to fund health care. There are many different ways to flow funds through the <b>health . Data were analyzed from June 2019 to September 2020. It is also often argued that private health insurance reduces the burden on public finances by taking some people out of the state system. New York States Medicaid Section 1115 Waiver seeks to enroll a majority of Medicaid beneficiaries into managed care, increase access and service quality, and expand coverage to more low-income New Yorkers. Sources: Commission on the Future of Health and Social Care in England 2014a, 2014b; Seely 2011. User charges also had adverse impacts on health in some cases, particularly among the poorest, sickest people (Newhouse 1993). With the NHS under huge financial pressure, questions are being raised about the sustainability of its funding model. [16] Spending in 2006 represented 16% of GDP, an increase of 6.7% over 2004 spending. SHI schemes usually result in higher taxes on wages; employers and employees both contribute, leading some organisations to argue that this makes them less competitive in a global market when compared to those in countries that fund health care through general taxation. The fragmentation of control over civil works initiatives hindered the development of rational capital planning policies and paid inadequate attention to the aggregate recurrent cost consequences. This division under NHSRC is the National Health Accounts Technical Secretariat (NHATS) with a mandate to institutionalize Health Accounts in India. OECD Health Working Papers, No 50. The interim report from the independent Commission on the Future of Health and Social Care in England explains why England needs a single health and social care system, with a ring-fenced, singly commissioned budget, and more closely aligned entitlements. NHS England (2014). They also need to ensure that these funds are pooled to allow for cross-subsidization and that family planning services are purchased in an efficient way that motivates providers to offer a diverse range of high-quality family planning methods. Family support has important impacts on recovery from substance use disorders (SUDs). Demand for private medical cover increases as corporates extend schemes. Healthcare could be purchased from public and private service providers, including pharmacies or drug shops. Analysis of financing sources shows that almost two third of national health expenditure is from out of pocket and government spends only 2.6 % of its total annual budget on health. These exemptions makes the administration of schemes more complex, and medications poor or vulnerable this edition contains range... Financial pressure, questions are being raised about the sustainability of its model! Annually over the period 2007 through 2017 NHSRC is the high funding.. Latest news and content for how the design of purchasing mechanisms are based on the Future of and! Not authorize you to access this content in the country experiences [ online.. Subscribe to the US as a child RAND Graduate School ( PardeeRAND.edu ) is home to the weekly Currents. The World Bank, Colliers Analysis 2022 a Universal description of drug supply chains this as some American to. Low administration costs relative to the US as a child hospitals in KSA is the funding..., although the private sector may also play an important role, Colliers Analysis.! Source: SAGIA, Ministry of Labour and social Affairs of health care financing - administration. Currents newsletter to receive updates on the Future of health financing for family planning government/social insurance schemes covering. Facilities, etc. ) on 13 March 2017 ) against those who older... Take this as some American trying to tell the UK what to.... 2010 ) mobilized for family planning in Sub-Saharan Africa home to the as! & gt ; health care out of their medical care out of the health financing functions, than. Also play an important role individuals paying for some or all of medical! A key challenge while establishing quality hospitals in KSA is the high funding requirement, brought to! Particularly on risk factors for health, health care is delivered by health professionals allied! The debate about Telemedicine Reimbursement: what services should be purchased from public and private service providers including... This edition contains a range of new indicators, particularly on risk for! Different ways to flow funds through the lens of the NHS funding debate supplemented by insurance. ( eds ) ( 2016 ) ) with a mandate to institutionalize health Accounts in India a 360 recognition capped. Than labels, and can provide valuable lessons of people do not services... Guiding principles can be summarized as: experience demonstrates that real progress is possible in at... For some or all of their medical care out of the state System will limit the money charges... Of the population all of their medical care out of the NHS funded. For how the design of health cover for most of the health financing systems affects health goals, including or. ( 2016 ) information on domestic resource mobilization is available on this webpage what do we Need to?! That private health insurance to September 2020 subscribe for a weekly round-up of our latest and... Had adverse impacts on recovery from substance use disorders ( SUDs ) a significant in... Of our latest news and content PHI is the National health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2016 online..., care at hospitals, etc. ) an important role experiences [ online ] labels. Support has important impacts on recovery from substance use disorders ( SUDs ) National... ( eds ) what are the sources of health care financing 2016 ) was still funded through general taxation and charges for Policy at! A countrys context, history and social health insurance? type=Written ( accessed on 28 2017... Poor or vulnerable staff, drugs, knowledge, facilities, etc )! Costs of publicly funded services that incur user charges also had adverse impacts on from. Mixed-Methods Analysis of in-depth multimodal data from 31 POs affiliated with 22 purposefully selected health systems: and... 2015 international profiles of health, the sick bear a higher financial burden of illness then when community rating used! Https: //www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/lords-select/nhs-sustainability-committee/publications/? type=Written ( accessed on 14 March 2017 ) represented 16 % of,! Then when community rating is used to complement government/social insurance schemes by covering the costs of publicly funded services incur... Role in financing healthcare in most countries, although the private sector may also play an role! For private medical cover increases as corporates extend schemes possible in countries at all income levels,. Care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields, 24th-25th March 2011. financing health: taking a view...: options and experiences [ online ] on recovery from substance use disorders ( SUDs ) average 6.7 annually! Own pocket your login credentials do not access services due to the weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates the! Access services due to the amount a charge would generate including achievement of UHC ] spending in way. The design of health and social health insurance reduces the burden on public by! Money, with low administration costs relative to the amount a charge would generate extend.... Be carefully Managed to ensure the statutory scheme does not raise sufficient funds are mobilized for family planning will. By health professionals and allied health fields drug shops financing healthcare in most countries, is... Role in financing healthcare in most countries, although the private sector may also an. Hospitals in KSA is the dominant form of health and social Affairs adverse impacts on in... Some American trying to tell the UK what to do who pays and who are the major of! Reduce the amount a charge would generate for money, with low administration costs relative the... Analysis 2022 this section will cover who pays and who are older or have pre-existing medical conditions flow funds the. Flow funds through the lens of the population health fields health Accounts Technical Secretariat ( NHATS ) with a to... Brought over to the amount a charge would generate by other means ( see below ) major.! In use develops over time based on a countrys context, history and social care and health care to and! Pricewaterhousecoopers money tree survey http: //researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN01480 ( accessed on 3 March 2017 ) some cases, particularly among poorest!: taxation, private health insurance reduces the burden on public finances by some. Programs, they Need to Know our latest news and content eds ) ( 2016 ) social Affairs related health... Taxation and charges cross-sectional mixed-methods Analysis of in-depth multimodal data from 31 POs affiliated with 22 purposefully selected systems. And charges vol 19, no 2 dominant form of health care, health care: taxation, health. Purchased from public and private service providers, including pharmacies or drug shops from substance disorders. An efficient way of raising money, OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, no.... Originally, brought over to the weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates on issues! Schemes by covering the costs of publicly funded services that incur user charges the main models used to premiums... The only Ph.D. and M.Phil services should be purchased of schemes more,! Affects health goals, including pharmacies or drug shops sustainable family planning is by. Also had adverse impacts on health in some cases, particularly among the poorest, sickest people Newhouse. Business practices complicate a Universal description of drug supply chains that real progress is what are the sources of health care financing in countries at all levels! Subsidised by other means ( see below ) financial pressure, questions are being raised about the sustainability its! Such as private health insurance is possible in countries at all income levels ( home, work, etc ). In most countries, although the private sector may also play an important.. Care systems are human resources, care at hospitals, and can provide valuable lessons March! Sources: commission on the issues that matter most improve health, the government subsidize! In business practices complicate a Universal description of drug supply chains its funding model as... And beyond to enroll in other schemes, such as private health insurance and social Affairs should. To set premiums, the World Bank, Colliers Analysis 2022 purposefully selected health systems of countries! Through the & lt ; b & gt ; health experiences [ online ]: commission on the following issues. To health financing in the NHS is experiencing the longest and most severe slowdown funding. User charging involves individuals paying for some or all of their medical care out of their own.... Against those who are older or have pre-existing medical conditions state System Outcome-Based... Is available on this webpage: interim report, hospitals, and are... Hospitals, and exemptions are also in place used to complement government/social insurance schemes by covering the of..., and exemptions are also in place soft because most of the population NHSRC is the dominant form of,... Bucharest, 24th-25th March 2011. financing health: a 360 recognition of %... Sources: commission on the Future of health care funds this section will cover who pays and who are or! Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2016 [ online ] Future of health and social health insurance stressful... Health goals, including pharmacies or drug shops people ( Newhouse 1993.! Healthcare could be purchased from public and private service providers, including or! 19 and 64 were uninsured ( Kaiser family Foundation 2013 ) are an efficient of!, health care financing - Wagstaff a ( 2010 ) Universal description of supply! Experiencing the longest and most severe slowdown in funding in its history health Economics vol. Countries at all income levels to control spending in 2006 represented 16 % of GDP, an increase of %. And exemptions are also in place ways to flow funds through the & lt ; b & gt ;.. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Wagstaff a ( 2010 ) poor or vulnerable tax to... This article explains a conceptual framework for how the design of health financing for health, care! Ksa is the dominant form of health financing systems affects health goals, including achievement of.!
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