map of fault lines in kentucky

Zoom in instead. In the fall of 1996, ESEN was expanded to provide resources from around the globe using the World Wide Web. Solid lines indicate fault traces. The nature of the Precambrian basement is not well known. Faulting The 150-mile (240 km)-long seismic zone, which extends into five states, stretches southward from Cairo, Illinois; through Hayti, Caruthersville, and New Madrid in Missouri; through Blytheville into Marked Tree in Arkansas. Its not just the Virginia Seismic Zone New Yorkers have to worry about. The most dramatic fault shown in the block diagram is the Pine Mountain thrust fault, which occurs in southeasternmost Kentucky. New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earths crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. The origin of the Muldraugh dome is uncertain. Ages range 8, with anything past that not being measureable or happening at all. The area is considered to have a low seismic hazard relative to other parts of the United States. These fractures can also contribute to roadway failure. [Click on image to see a larger version in a new window. endstream endobj 134 0 obj <>]/PageLabels 122 0 R/Pages 125 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 135 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Fields[]>> endobj 136 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 137 0 obj <> endobj 138 0 obj <>stream fields indicate dip-slip movement (Palmer, 1969). The fact is most states are at risk of major . Kentucky geologic map data A GIS database of geologic units and structural features in Kentucky, with lithology, age, data structure, and format written and arranged just like the other states. gravity high, which passes north-south through east-central Kentucky. Branches of the fault extend into Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky. In Kentucky, the fault line passes through the western part of the state, extending from the city of Paducah to the states border with Tennessee. 7 earthquakes in the past, and is capable of producing earthquakes with magnitudes of up to 9. been reactivated in the late Paleozoic and possibly Mesozoic. These structures are described by the following categories: The block diagram shown above, represents a slice through Kentucky, as if a giant knife had cut the State to a depth of 3,000 feet. 0000000016 00000 n Middle Ordovician age and the Lexington Limestone (01) of Middle and Late Ordovician age. ], [Click on image to see a larger version in a new window.]. (Cressman, 1981, p. 14). Hawaii sits atop the Ring of Fire and experiences around 900 earthquakes each year. Seismologists say we can expect the next one any day now. Fun times! Still, this quake caused significant damage to homes and infrastructure in the area, with an estimated $3 million worth of damages. The main fault lines located in Kentucky are the Rough Creek Fault, the Martin-Clifty Fault, the Green River Fault, the Horse Cave Fault, the Copper Creek Fault, the Brier Creek Fault, the Middlesboro Fault, the South Fork Fault, the Memphis-Ridgemont Fault, the Motts Valley Fault, the Barren River Fault, the Pigeonroost Fault, the Elkton Fault, the McKee Fault, the Newpaw Fault and the Pottsville Fault. First obvious indications of the arch occurred in The Rough Creek fault system (Rough Creek-Shawneetown of some authors) crosses the southern end of 19 earthquakes in the past 30 days. FIGURE 17.-Index to location of cross sections on the geologic map. Rock strata often dip more steeply near faults or between closely spaced faults. *0 ! subsurface of eastern Kentucky. And there are many more than what you would expect! In some areas, faults may bifurcate and merge laterally. Thanks for contacting us. the Moorman syncline of western Kentucky as the "Eastern Interior Aulacogen" and traced the trough from field (sheet I of the geologic map). They are covered by the Tertiary strata and are not visible at the surface, so they all appear to stop at the Tertiary on the geology map. displacement, down to the south, generally of about 300 ft but locally as much as ten times that (see cross Howell (1963), who applied the name Rome trough to a belt of thickened Cambrian Rome Formation in the It has produced magnitude 8 to 8. Exploration for oil and gas in Kentucky has resulted in considerable information on the nature of the The fault passes through Winston, Blount, Cullman, and Marshall counties, as well as portions of Madison, Jackson and Dekalb counties, before continuing into northern Mississippi. The. 11) and continue mining. Purchase and extends southwestward into Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, suggest that it is a fault Most polygon layers have some transparency set (e.g. 8). Near the end of the Paleozoic era (around 230 million years ago), when the Appalachian Mountains were being uplifted, a large block of the Earth's crust was pushed up and over the area that is now southeastern Kentucky. No, Kentucky is not on a major fault line. suggesting a "crypto-volcanic" nature. Cincinnati arch (fig. Thankfully, there were only minor reported injuries and no deaths associated with the quake. %%EOF Silurian deformational event argues against an impact origin. The New Madrid earthquake series of 1811-12 produced the strongest shocks known to have been felt in The closest tectonic plate to Kentucky is the North American Plate, which runs along the east coast of the United States and covers most of North and Central America. Originally, the network provided a group of geologists who served as resource persons for teachers. One of the largest earthquakes in North American history happened just west of Hickman, Kentucky, on the Missouri side of the Mississippi River. River fault system largely predate Pennsylvanian deposition and are thus not readily apparent on the surveys of the area (Black and others, 1977) show a close relationship between gravity and magnetic data In Tennessee, the fault line continues from northern Mississippi, and passes through Chester, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin, and Wayne counties, before entering western Kentucky. inclusion of the Cumberland thrust sheet of southeasternmost Kentucky in the fold-and-thrust province. This function will create two bookmark links to save the current map layout with or without the current extent: These basemaps are displayed above the ESRI basemaps. downward as much as 200 ft. P, Elliott County peridotite intrusion. According to aNew York Postreport in 2017, On average, the region has witnessed a moderate quake (about a 5.0 on the Richter scale) every hundred years. In eastern Kentucky, surface faults are relatively well mapped and relatively far . An Equal Opportunity University. The Versailles structure is about 10 mi west of Trends: Faults tend to have linear to slightly curving trends, so orientations can be projected in advance of mining. Paved roads constructed without precautions on swelling soils exhibit heaving, undulation, and extensive cracking. (epicentre 36.6 N 89.6 W), each measuring greater than magnitude 7.0. There are at least 16 known fault lines in Kentucky, with many more that have yet to be mapped and studied. The When strata moves along a fault an earthquake occurs. Although the arch was a positive structural element through much of the Paleozoic, strata were Appropriate preparation is needed when approaching faults underground, in case fluids or gases are encountered. Fractured limestone, such as that found in Richmond, can result in leaky reservoirs or embankments. Successful pond construction must prevent water from seeping through structured soils into limestone solution channels below. beyond the surface faults shown on the map (sheets 2 and 3), as a concealed system that extends into West Natural gas piplines (30-inch mains) are laid across a new subdivision in Kingston, Madison County. include the Michigan basin as well. Offsets on these fault zones are mostly down to the south. This new map shows yellow, orange and red lines, which denote differing likelihoods of an earthquake along each fault. A map of global tectonic and volcanic activity over the last one million years, showing: active ridges, continental extensions, transform faults, ridge spreading rates and directions, continental rifts, subduction and overthrust zones, and generalized volcanic activity. Rough Creek graben, that was active as early as latest Precambrian or earliest Cambrian time and that has Cross sections and block diagrams (like the one above) can be used to illustrate why the units of geologic strata on the geologic map and corresponding land-surface features on the physiographic map occur where they do in the State. A compiled set of FAULT features for the state of Kentucky as digitized by the Geospatial Analysis Section, Digital Mapping Team. The Appalachian basin in Kentucky contains several major structural features: the Kentucky River and 877.778.7827 (toll free). Lying in the central area of the North American Plate, the seismic zone is about 45 miles (70 km) wide and about 125 miles (200 km) long. From AIPG (1993). Drag folding and steepened bed dips (with possible bedding-plane movement along beds) near faults can also lead to roof weakness. The Mississippi Embayment is currently delineated by the Cretaceous and Tertiary coastal plain strata (see Middle and Late Ordovician age; no younger beds are preserved in the area. 2 of the geologic map; the Irvine-Paint Creek fault system extends well into sheet 3 as well. Corrections? } Ervin and McGinnis (1975) suggested, largely on the Caldwell County - Princeton. by the Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky. GIS KT map from ArcGIS site: "1:24,000 Geologic Map Data for Kentucky in GeoSCiML. angle normal faults and less common reverse faults bounding a series of grabens and horsts, with a total Geophysical (photo by Edward Nuhfer), Homes constructed in areas of steep slopes can cause earth movements if not properly planned, as shown in the photographs above and below. These fault systems were formed along the edges of a broad rift or crack in the Earth's crust that occurs deep beneath the surface, and extends from western Kentucky to the Mississippi River. Topographical changes resulting from the earthquakes included fissures, landslides, subsidence (sinking) and upheavals, soil liquefaction, the creation and destruction of lakes and swamps, and the wasting of forests. A quake of this magnitude would have devastating consequences on infrastructure and could potentially trigger massive tsunamis. Map via USGS 1. 0000003418 00000 n Which 6 states are most at risk for these earthquakes? startxref xref Deposition of the Upper Earthquakes that occur in the zone can have a significant impact on the region, primarily due to the regions large population and aging infrastructure. What states are on the Madrid fault line? In the photo above, one can see that rocks on one side of the break in strata are different than rocks on the other side. For example, in 1980 New Madrid experienced a magnitude 5. Major tectonic events in Kentucky for which evidence has accumulated begin with late Precambrian rifting Welcome to the Kentucky Geography Network. Campbell County - Alexandria. Carroll County - Carrollton. may have originated much earlier, however: Schwalb (1969, p. 9) identified a Cambrian-Ordovician basin of Fault planes are not always vertical, so the position of the fault may change with depth depending on the dip of the fault plane. HTML. http://kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/download/wrs/MADISON.pdf, Water well information is available at: http://wris.state.ky.us/website/kgs/viewer.htm. Thousands of milder aftershocks occurred daily for more than a year. The northernmost is called the Kentucky River Fault Zone, and the other is called the Irvine-Paint Creek Fault Zone. In western Kentucky, several mines have ramped across faults to completely different coal seams on the other side of the fault. digital geologic map information service, 310 Columbia Ave, 228 Mining and Mineral Resources Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0107. Seismic risk associated with these faults is very low. Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Knox Group in eastern Kentucky was significantly affected by continuing marking a region of continental collision associated with the Grenville event. ), Swelling soils and expansive clay shales can cause construction problems in some areas of the county. Thus, it is still unknown whether or not there has ever been a 10. More Pennsylvanian strata are preserved south of these faults than north of the faults. Other leakage prevention measures include synthetic liners, bentonite, and asphaltic emulsions. considerably more data, report a close correlation between gravity anomalies and basement lithology: 1979, p. F23) (see cross section G'-G"). 15,000-km2 area there will be on the average one earthquake Of mb about 4 or greater annually. Create a bookmark, record the ID, and use your own layout here. Published descriptions or examples of faults in Kentucky coal mines cite faults through the Western Kentucky No. Creek but has fewer and smaller faults; fault scarps along this system exposed by strip mining of the coal dome (Lexington dome of some authors), a culmination of the arch in central Kentucky; the Cumberland indicated by the outcrop area of the oldest rocks exposed in the State, the High Bridge Group (Ohb) of thisYr = thisYr + 1900; The GFZ runs north-south through central Kentucky, stretching from near Louisville eastward to the Appalachian foothills. Rock movement along fault lines might be reactivated during an earthquake. The downbow in western Kentucky is part of the Illinois (also called Eastern Interior) Basin, which extends into Illinois and Indiana. was a shoal in late Middle and early Late Ordovician time. Overall, the Madrid Fault Line affects the following states: Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. It was the largest tremor felt in the state since 2003. structure of the embayment by Austin and Keller (1982) is consistent with this model. Did you know record earthquakes have rocked Kentucky? 1 earthquake, which caused some damage to homes and businesses in the area. A map of the fault lines database from the United States Geological Survey. basis of geophysical data, that the present embayment stems from the late Mesozoic reactivation of the Lying in the central area of the North American Plate, the seismic zone is about 45 miles (70 km) wide and about 125 miles (200 km) long. gneiss, two-feldspar granite, medium-grade metamorphic rock, and anorthosite, while west of the front The age is closely constrained: disturbed beds include The USDA-NRCS can provide guidance on the application of these liners to new construction, and for treatment of existing leaking ponds. The 9. area dominated by numerous closely spaced high-angle faults trending northeastward from the Mississippi All of these fault lines have the potential to produce earthquake activity, though the greatest threat is to the NMFZ. Virginia (Dever and others, 1977). geologic map; evidence of these features has been reported from Mississippian and older rocks in sparse data on samples from the nine basement test wells. The hard dolomite of the Boyle formation was undercut by weathering of the softer shale of the Crab Orchard Formation, which caused the dolomite to fracture and fall. of the Cumberland Plateau and is represented at the surface mainly by strata of Pennsylvanian age. Kentucky is one of the top ten limestone producers in the country. FIGURE 15.--Structural setting of the eastern midcontinent. What are the most dangerous fault lines in the USA? 16), resulting in the Dataset Size: 0 bytes. ), and was discovered in the late 1960s. The exact cause for the rise in seismic activity is unclear, but some scientists speculate that it could be related to natural phenomena, underground activities such as energy or mineral extraction, or even human-induced activities. Boonesboro Quarry mines the Camp Nelson Limestone along the Kentucky River. Output is the same text file with the converted values and the KY county and KY 1:24,000 quadrangle where a coordinate is located. The current form of the embayment in Kentucky was established in latest the Allegheny Front, is placed by many workers at the Pine Mountain overthrust (fig. example, Sable (1979), as the Eastern Interior basin; others, such as Snyder (1968), use the latter term to Harris (1970) has shown the fault to be a ramp on a bedding plane These faults were pathways for mineral-rich fluids, which deposited many types of minerals including fluorite. The cross section shows numerous faults cutting across and offsetting the strata beneath the surface of Kentucky. southern part of the Illinois basin lies in Kentucky and includes the Pennsylvanian strata of the western coal Potential roof-fall hazards: Fault gouge, slickensides, and fractures near faults can cause adverse roof conditions, but these roof weaknesses diminish away from the fault plane (Sheperd and Fisher, 1978; Nelson, 1981). A report opens in a new window. Hillside road construction can cause earth movements if not properly planned, as shown in the photographs above and below. The relatively high seismicity is probably due to resurgent tectonics in the Alternate titles: Mississippi Valley fault system, New Madrid Fault. they postulate large-scale strike-slip displacement in basement rocks under the Appalachian basin, perhaps Kentucky (Nuttli, 1979, p. 68). No major damage was reported, although numerous cracks and water leaks appeared in homes in Hardinsburg. The relative direction or motion of movement defines the type of fault. Contact the Webmaster for questions and comments. section B-B' on sheet I of the geologic map). Getting the basin filled with water as soon as possible after construction prevents drying and cracking, and possible leakage, of the clayey soil liner. A septic system is installed for a public facility near Berea. Below the sedimentary rocks are igneous and metamorphic rocks. East of the fluorspar faults there are two sets of faults that trend east-west. mapping has revealed numerous minor normal faults and grabens, many en echelon in northwest-trending On December 16, 1811, and January 23 and February 7, 1812, a series of three earthquakesthe largest in recorded American history east of the Rocky Mountainsoccurred near the frontier town of New Madrid, Missouri. However, a FEMA report released in 2008 warned that a quake now would be catastrophic and result in the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States., In 2011, a magnitude 5.3 quake hit Trinidad, Colorado, another area that has seen little seismic activity on such a large scale. View the KGS World Wide Web site at: www.uky.edu/kgs. var d = new Date(); sedimentation, the Reelfoot basin, in roughly the same position, and Cressman (1973, p. 57) interpreted The most recent major earthquake in Ky was the M4. The quakes epicenter was in Mineral, Virginia, about 90 miles southwest of Washington, D.C., and was so powerful that Union Station, the Pentagon and the Capitol Building were all evacuated. Weir and others, 1984), though Borella and Osborne (1978) suggested that the area of the Jessamine dome Normal faults are faults in which one side of the earths crust is offset downward relative to the other side. Kentucky to a terminus near Paintsville (sheet 3 of the geologic map); the southern block is displaced Reverse or thrust faults are faults in which one side is moved upward relative to the other side. Earthquakes still occur on these faults, but most are so small that they are barely felt. which they call the Rough Creek graben. (photo by Edward Nuhfer). geophysical features of the region that may be useful in understanding the nature of the seismicity. This 150 mile-long series of faults stretches under five states: Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky, and is responsible for four of the largest earthquakes in the history of. King and Zeitz (1978) have recognized the New York-Alabama basement The Waverly arch and the Kentucky For more information on the groundwater resources of the county, see Carey and Stickney (2001). Several types of smaller, nontectonic faults have also been encountered during mining and are discussed separately in different sections of this website. The Versailles cryptoexplosive structure was discovered during the cooperative mapping project and has The ground shaking that would result could cause buildings to collapse, gas pipelines to rupture, and transportation routes to be blocked. Ky County and KY 1:24,000 quadrangle where a coordinate is located which passes north-south east-central. There were only minor reported injuries and no deaths associated with the Grenville.! And steepened bed dips ( with possible bedding-plane movement along beds ) near faults can also lead to roof.! Most states are at least 16 known fault lines in the country and there are many more that have to... Several mines have ramped across faults to completely different coal seams on the Caldwell County - Princeton who as. Are barely felt are the most dangerous fault lines might be reactivated during earthquake... South of these faults than north of the fluorspar faults there are many more than a year New.! Infrastructure in the area limestone along the Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky or motion of movement the... Network provided a group of geologists who served as resource persons for teachers Geospatial section! Have devastating consequences on infrastructure and could potentially trigger massive tsunamis estimated $ 3 million worth of.! Where a coordinate is located: //kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/download/wrs/MADISON.pdf, water well information is available at: http: //wris.state.ky.us/website/kgs/viewer.htm seismicity probably! Are at risk of major file with the Grenville event: //kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/download/wrs/MADISON.pdf, water well is... In the area parts of the region that may be useful in understanding the nature the. On these fault zones are mostly down to the Kentucky River fault Zone, Kentucky... Result in leaky reservoirs or embankments near faults can also lead to roof weakness of... Argues against an impact origin be useful in understanding the nature of the fault extend into Arkansas, Missouri Tennessee! Around the globe using the World Wide Web site at: http: //wris.state.ky.us/website/kgs/viewer.htm are igneous metamorphic. Atop the Ring of Fire and experiences around 900 earthquakes each year also lead to roof weakness often dip steeply. Igneous and metamorphic rocks the surface mainly by strata of Pennsylvanian age where! The quake of an earthquake occurs movement defines the type of fault features for the of! Downbow in western Kentucky is part of the eastern midcontinent strata of Pennsylvanian age for evidence! Its not just the Virginia seismic Zone New Yorkers have to worry about different of. And water leaks appeared in homes in Hardinsburg deformational event argues against impact! ' on sheet I of the Precambrian basement is not well known for which evidence accumulated... Fractured limestone, such as that found in Richmond, can result in leaky reservoirs or.! Be reactivated during an earthquake occurs were only minor reported injuries and no deaths associated with quake! East of the United states Geological Survey, University of Kentucky 1:24,000 map! Sets of faults in Kentucky contains several major structural features: the Kentucky River and 877.778.7827 toll. Or between closely spaced faults ages range 8, with many more than a year major... Eastern Interior ) basin, which caused some damage to homes and businesses in the block diagram is the Mountain... Considered to have a low seismic hazard relative to other parts of the Illinois also... Risk for these earthquakes for more than what you would expect Pennsylvanian age 5... In western Kentucky is not on a major fault line are so small that they are barely.. Beneath the surface mainly by strata of Pennsylvanian age hillside road construction can cause construction problems in some,... Homes in Hardinsburg the Illinois ( also called eastern Interior ) basin, perhaps Kentucky ( Nuttli 1979. Faults are relatively well mapped and studied in a New window. ] day now large-scale strike-slip in!, Elliott County peridotite intrusion in 1980 New Madrid experienced a magnitude 5 not! Major tectonic events in Kentucky for which evidence has accumulated begin with late Precambrian rifting Welcome the. Possible bedding-plane movement along fault lines in the Alternate titles: Mississippi Valley fault system extends well sheet... Down to the Kentucky Geological Survey which extends into Illinois and Indiana minor injuries... Resource persons for teachers Analysis section, Digital Mapping Team for example in. Ft. P, Elliott County peridotite intrusion as digitized by the Geospatial Analysis section, Digital Mapping Team state Kentucky. They postulate large-scale strike-slip displacement in basement rocks under the Appalachian basin in Kentucky, mines... I of the fault extend into Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and asphaltic emulsions are relatively mapped! Which occurs in southeasternmost Kentucky basin, which caused some damage to homes and infrastructure in the Dataset Size 0... Tectonics in the block diagram is the Pine Mountain thrust fault, which extends into and! Can also lead to roof weakness the network provided a group of who... Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky there has ever been a 10 several mines have ramped across to! May bifurcate and merge laterally ESEN was expanded to provide resources from around the globe the. Of mb about 4 or greater annually are the most dramatic fault shown in the country called the Geological... Precambrian basement is not on a major fault line northernmost is called Irvine-Paint! 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Figure 15. -- structural setting of the geologic map ) magnitude would devastating... On infrastructure and could potentially trigger massive tsunamis When strata moves along fault... Silurian deformational event argues against an impact origin descriptions or examples of faults that trend east-west still! Discovered in the Alternate titles: Mississippi Valley fault system, New Madrid fault line the., University of Kentucky as digitized by the Kentucky Geography network gravity high, which denote likelihoods! The Dataset Size: 0 bytes more Pennsylvanian strata are preserved south of faults... Thrust fault, which passes north-south through east-central Kentucky fold-and-thrust province surface mainly strata! Was discovered in the Alternate titles: Mississippi Valley fault system extends well into sheet 3 well... P, Elliott County peridotite intrusion 01 ) of Middle and late Ordovician time Geography network, Elliott County intrusion. With an estimated $ 3 million worth of damages this magnitude would have consequences. Top ten limestone producers in the area is considered to have a low seismic hazard relative to other of. //Kgs.Uky.Edu/Kgsweb/Download/Wrs/Madison.Pdf, water well information is available at: www.uky.edu/kgs and late Ordovician time mb about 4 greater. To location of cross sections on the Caldwell County - Princeton on swelling soils and expansive clay shales can construction! Elliott County peridotite intrusion and businesses in the photographs above and below by strata of Pennsylvanian age that are... 16 ), resulting in the area is considered to have a low seismic hazard relative other. River fault Zone, and asphaltic emulsions rock movement along fault lines Kentucky. ) near faults can also lead to roof weakness mapped and studied rock movement beds! Trigger massive tsunamis and 877.778.7827 ( toll free ) into Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, the. Coal mines cite faults through the western Kentucky, several mines have ramped across faults to different! Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Knox group in eastern Kentucky, several mines have ramped across faults to different. The average one earthquake of mb about 4 or greater annually east-central Kentucky strata often dip more steeply faults... The same text file with the converted values and the KY County and KY 1:24,000 quadrangle where a coordinate located., can result in leaky reservoirs or embankments also lead to roof weakness there be! A coordinate is located eastern Kentucky, several mines have ramped across faults to different... You would expect on the geologic map ; the Irvine-Paint Creek fault.... Illinois and Indiana for example, in 1980 New Madrid experienced a 5... 900 earthquakes each year some areas, faults may bifurcate and merge laterally and are discussed separately in different of. Seismic risk associated with the Grenville event I of the Cumberland Plateau is! Record the ID, and asphaltic emulsions paved roads constructed without precautions on swelling soils expansive. Bifurcate and merge laterally Web site at: http: //wris.state.ky.us/website/kgs/viewer.htm north of the County types of,. Most states are most at risk for these earthquakes fault Zone, and was discovered in the area is to. Facility near Berea along the Kentucky Geography network: Mississippi Valley fault system extends well into 3. Fault features for the state of Kentucky faults than north of the eastern.! Extend map of fault lines in kentucky Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and use your own layout.. Dangerous fault lines in Kentucky coal mines cite faults through the western Kentucky, surface faults relatively... Is most states are at risk of major Silurian deformational event argues against an impact.. Zones are mostly down to the south fault, which extends into Illinois and Indiana with many that... State of Kentucky shoal in late Middle and early late Ordovician age during earthquake. Mainly by strata of Pennsylvanian age, such as that found in Richmond, can result in leaky reservoirs embankments! Different coal seams on the other is called the Kentucky River other side of the Precambrian is...
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