3 reasons why marcos declared martial law

TIn 1972, the president of the period issued a proclamation imposing martial law in the Philippines. [10] Raul Rodrigo, Phoenix: The Saga of the Lopez Family Volume 1: 1800 1972, Manila: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, Inc., 2007), p. 377, [11] Primitivo Mijares, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I. He needed more time to stash away the gold reserves of the country while borrowing money to pay for buying investments,which became a standard to the next generation of politicians. [82] These abuses had been given some form of legal color because many of the offenses for which political detainees had been incarcerated were made legal by Marcos in the form of Presidential Decrees, after he assumed the power of the legislature to enact laws. Amnesty International believes that all those suspected of criminal responsibility for crimes under international law or other human rights violations should be brought to justice in fair trials, regardless of when and where the crimes were committed. The Filipino people endured 14 years of agony and terrible treatment under 1081 in the morning of September 23, 1972. [5] The alternative term "Martial Law Era" as applied to the Philippines is typically used to describe the Marcos martial law period specifically. [22][21] Even though the formal proclamation was lifted on January 17, 1981, Marcos retained virtually all of his powers as dictator until he was ousted by the EDSA Revolution.[23][24]. And I wish they would help the country instead of trying to protect the communists. This helped camouflage the true nature of his act to this day: it was nothing less than a self-coup. Marcos was going to use a series of bombings in Metro Manila, including the 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing, as a justification for his takeover and subsequent authoritarian rule. At 7:30 that evening, Marcos announced that he had placed the country under Martial Law. November 17 Manila Film Center was collapsed, killing 169 workers. [106][107], Reports also surfaced during and after the Battle of Marawi, stating that members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine National Police stole jewelries. The Marcos family was also known for its excesses. This was a period of civil unrest from January to March 1970 organized by students and labor groups to protest authoritarianism, alleged election cheating, and corruption under Marcos. Martial law has been declared nine times since World War II and, in five instances, was designed to counter resistance to Federal desegregation decrees in the South. But Marcos, who had originally announced that Martial Law would not supersede the 1935 Constitution, engineered the replacement of the constitution with a new one. [17] On June 18, issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. I never saw or heard President Marcos talk or act that way before. WebIn September 1972 Marcos declared martial law, claiming that it was the last defense against the rising disorder caused by increasingly violent student demonstrations, the "[55], In any case, Marcos responded by suspending the writ of Habeas Corpus, an act which radicalized many of the Philippines activists, convincing both moderates and radicals that the Marcos administration could only be fought by joining the NPA.[39][56]. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. WebProclamation No. Worse, these projects were overpriced and veritable sources of corruption. [42]:"43"[31], Although the CPP-NPA was only a small force[42]:"43" and could not present a sizeable threat to the AFP at the time,[41][43] Marcos painted an image of a huge "communist threat," both to court the Johnson administration's political support in light of its cold war policies, and drumming up local support .as the Philippines was caught up in the same red scare which affected the US. 3: Media outlets were exempt from martial law - newspaper Daily Express; television station TV Channel 9 and radio station Kanlaon Broadcasting System. Some 2,000 individuals, mostly Muslims, were killed during the crisis. No. Press Secretary Francisco Tatad went on air at 3 p.m. of September 23 to read the text of Proclamation No. Authorized military government in the Philippines, This article is about several periods of martial law in the Philippines. 112 W 27th Street, Suite 600 They stole so much more; they killed so much more. President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Proclamation No. Proclaiming the State of Martial law in the Philippines, Proclaiming a State of Martial law and suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Province of Maguindanao, except for certain areas, Declaring a State of Martial law and suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Whole of Mindanao. Enrile, Juan Ponce, Juan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir. But as campaigns are under way, a disturbing revisionist narrative that is attempting to play down the numerous human rights violations committed during the Martial Law regime back in the 1970s has started to emerge. I was still in grade school in Manila, and it was my habit at that time on Saturdays to watch animated cartoon shows on TV. Proclamation No. The mighty Marcos military machine was reduced to rubble. The Enrile ambush as pretext for Martial Law. Opposition figures of the time, such as Lorenzo Taada, Jose Diokno, and Jovito Salonga, accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats, using them as a convenient excuse to consolidate power and extend his reign beyond the two presidential terms allowed by the 1935 constitution. WebChapter 3: Why are there Supporters Among Bangsamoro People? did he want to sing me away like i was a ghost. Under martial law, the country was plunged into a climate of repression and plunder and then into social crisis that exploded in the 1980s, it added. [1] Raymond Bonner, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York: Times Books, 1987), p. 3. In his own diary, Marcos wrote on September 14, 1972 that he informed the military that he would proceed with proclaiming Martial Law. Marcos' martial law lasted for 9 years, while Duterte's martial law in Mindanao was only in effect for a little over a year. Contact numbers/Trunk lines:8734-74-20 | 8734-59-66 Local 134. Lumads, or the non-Muslim indigenous peoples of Mindanao, have been vocally against the imposition of martial rule due to the past experience of martial law during the Marcos dictatorship. Bonner, Raymond, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy. The 1935 Constitution was replaced with the 1972 Constitution after the new constitution was ratified by 95% of the voters in the 1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite. The result of their study stated that, while Martial Law may accelerate development, in the end the Philippines would become a political archipelago, with debilitating, factionalized politics. Almonte recalled that their findings led to the conclusion that the nation would be destroyed because, apart from the divisiveness it would cause, Martial Law would offer Marcos absolute power which would corrupt absolutely.[4], By the end of January 1970, Enrile, with the help of Efren Plana and Minerva Gonzaga Reyes, submitted the only copy of the confidential report on the legal nature and extent of Martial Law to Marcos. "[42], The effects of the Balance of Payments of Crisis started making themselves felt almost immediately after Marcos second inauguration, setting the stage for several events which Marcos eventually cited as justifications for Martial Law. After he delivered the documents to me, he said, The President wants you to convene the Chief of Staff, the J-Staff, and the commanding generals of the Army, the constabulary, the Air Force and the Navy. 1959, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo officially placed Maguindanao province under a state of martial law, thereby suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. The New York Times reported about these events in an article titled Mass Arrests and Curfew Announced in Philippines; Mass Arrests Ordered in Philippines in their September 24, 1972 issue. All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated. I changed channels. The MV Karagatan event also affected President Marcos immensely. He was grave, firm and resolute. It also mean deprivation of property without due process as the hamletting was implemented by force and often with threat of bodily harm to the residents. [92], The government captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977. Upon the initiative of the President, the Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation or suspension for a period to be determined by the Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist and public safety requires it. Section 18 of Article VII of the current Constitution provides: Within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, the President shall submit a report in person or in writing to the Congress. The facts are clear. On September 12, 1972, Marcos announced that he was studying the use of extraordinary presidential powers to arrest the communist threat to the country. Marcos also forcibly took hold of businesses owned by families of his rivals and criticsamong them the TV network ABS-CBN, the power firm Manila Electric Company (Meralco), and banks such as the First United Bankand handed them to his cronies. [34][35] The inflationary effect these interventions had on the local economy brought about the social unrest which was the rationalization for the proclamation of martial law in 1972. [23], The implementation of Martial Law closely reflected Oplan Sagittarius, a military plans leaked to the Philippine Senate by general Marcos Soliman the week before. But with Marcos Jr in power, activists worry the legacy of the People Power and the broader anti-dictatorship movement of the martial law era risk fading from public memory. When he declared martial law in 1972, Marcos claimed that he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM). I smacked the TV set, thinking that there was something wrong with the reception. I, as your duly elected President of the Republic use this power which may be implemented by the military authorities but still is a power embodied in the Constitution to protect the Republic of the Philippines and our democracy. "[8] Most countries use a different legal construct like "state of emergency". None of them attended the meeting. Reparations remain elusive for many victims and their families who are unable to prove the violations that they or their relatives experienced during martial law, in the absence of documentation and other requirements. Possibly for easier stage-managing: the family of Enriles sister Irma and her husband, Dr. Victor Potenciano, lived there, in Fordham, the next street in the Potenciano home and got the story straight from him, as officially scripted.[12]. For instance, if I were suddenly asked, to pose a given situation, to decide in five minutes when and where to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, I have decided that there should be at least five questions that I would ask, and depending on the answers to these five questions, I would know when and where to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. WebPresident Ferdinand Marcos signed Proclamation No. [citation needed] Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunals (court-martial). The textbooks of the post-Marcos Philippines reflected this process. But the opposition leaders did not heed his invitation. 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. These detainees were often held for long periods of time without trial and released later on for insufficiency of evidence. [6], On September 21, 1972, democracy was still functioning in the Philippines. 1081, placing the entire country under Martial Law, placing the signing at around 3 a.m. on September 23. He teaches Philippine Studies courses at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City. Following Marcoss declaration of Martial Law in 1972, thousands of Filipino. Rodrigo, Raul, Phoenix: The Saga of the Lopez Family Volume 1: 1800 1972. I was already in senior highmartial law was still in placewhen I realized that my childhood cartoons were not the only things stolen by the martial law regime. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that Martial Law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. Given the immensity and pervasiveness of violations, keeping records of violations, including precise figures, remains a difficult and unfinished task to this day. President Marcos declared martial law on the Sulu, Palawan, and Mindanao islands on September 23, 1972. Chamberlain signed the Munich agreement, which resulted in Germany taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, hoping this would be the end of Hitlers demands. Plunder,plunder bigger than the previous president. Mijares, Primitivo, The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I. Amid the escalation of conflicts in Mindanao and recent clashes in Marawi City related to the Maute Group, incumbent President Rodrigo Duterte placed Mindanao and its nearby islands under martial law at 10:00p.m. (UTC+8) on May 23, 2017. 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. When you are a descendant of indenture, even the violence of the colonial archive presents the seduction of finding. The 1972 martial law was declared nationwide, while Duterte's martial law was only declared in the island of Mindanao. What if I was the reasonable one and you the overthinker? The duration of the martial laws is different. Pasig: Anvil, 2010. 1081 was the document which contained formal proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos, as announced to the public on September 23, 1972.. One of the reasons why it is difficult to ascertain the exact number of human rights violations is the lack of accountability and genuine processes of truth-telling to seek more detailed information and contribute to the fight against impunity. In his memoir, then Justice Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile recalled that on a late afternoon in December 1969, Marcos instructed him to study the powers of the President as Commander-in-Chief under the provisions of the 1935 Constitution. [93] The Washington Post in an interview with unnamed former Philippine Communist Party officials, stated that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling "guests" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines". Mercado. The replay of the original speech in full was the way President [103] Implementation is to be pursuant to the 1987 Constitution, which provides for a maximum 60 day-state of martial law without Congress approval for extension, the continuation of government functions, and the safeguard of individual freedoms. It was a big mistake. Meanwhile, as if providence was with Marcos, the destructive typhoon that battered the MV Karagatan at Digoyo Bay brought a huge flood in Central Luzon. Some people got out of the car, and then there was another car that came by beside it and started riddling it with bullets to make it look like it was ambushed.[10]. Marcos said, All I can say is that I wish the Liberals would go into the area and do some fighting instead of talking. Estimates. Two things emerge: first, whether they conflict or not, all accounts indicate that Marcos obsession with numerology (particularly the number seven) necessitated that Proclamation No. The following essay is part of the notebook Against Forgetting, with art by Neil Doloricon. It is neither good nor bad per se. The proclamation of martial law is not a military takeover. The United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances also presented a damning report to the then Human Rights Commission after a visit to the country in 1990. He said, The situation is no cause for hysteria. Whether it is beneficial or destructive will depend on a variety of circumstances., In our case, he continued, the question that will always remain unanswered with clear certitude is this: If President Marcos did not declare martial law, what could or might have happened to the country? Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that martial law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. This also allowed Marcos to control history on his own terms. How did martial law start? 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. New York, NY 10001. The death sentence was never carried out by the Marcos government. [16], On June 12, at Aguinaldo's ancestral home in Cavite, Philippine independence was proclaimed and the Act of the Declaration of Independence of the Filipino People, which refers to him as "Dictator", was read. This took effect on September 23, 1944. Twenty militiamen were arrested on the premises. Congress cannot be padlocked. The Bangkok Post asserted in a series of articles called The Aquino Papers, published from February 20 to 22 of 1973, that Proclamation No. I was in Malacaang that evening, and I could still remember the scene vividly. [citation needed], The civilian government and civilian judicial authorities shall continue functioning in all matters appropriately belonging to their attributes that do not refer to public order and this last matter to whatever the military allows them to do or delegates to them, requiring each one to give the other any news that will reach their knowledge, I am compelled to establish a Dictatorial Government with full authority, civil and military, in order to determine first the real needs of the country. The panic and hunger that will rise in you when you see another of your kind, even though together you unlock a different loneliness in your contained camaraderie. Almonte, Jose T. and Marites Daguilan Vitug, Endless Journey: A Memoir.Quezon City: Cleverheads Publishing, 2015. The anniversary of the declaration of martial law is on September 23 (not September 21). On December 4, 2009, through Proclamation No. This time, he ordered the preparation of a plan for the declaration of martial law. Marcos also wanted to know the consequences of declaring Martial Law. Armed groups paraded proudly their high-powered weapons. Please choose below to continue. [39][40][41] Marcos' move to create a new Philippine Constitution by pushing for the creation of the 1971 Philippine Constitutional Convention lent credence to the belief that Marcos wanted to stay in power, especially when delegate Eduardo Quintero implicated Imelda Marcos in a payoff scheme for delegates who voted against the "Block Marcos" amendments which would disallow Marcos from running again. WebMartial Law 101. Gerardo D. Roxas, Benigno S. Aquino Jr., Jovito R. Salonga and Ramon V. Mitra Jr. On September 22, 1972, before 6 oclock in the evening, Maj. Roland Pattugalan, an Aide de Camp of Marcos, arrived in Enriles office. A Filipino American weekly. [30][31][29], Through a very bad combination of loan-funded deficit spending and large-scale infrastructure projects, the administration of Ferdinand Marcos became very popular during his first term as president - enough so that Marcos ran for reelection in 1969 and succeeded in becoming the first President of the Third Philippine Republic to be re-elected. [108], Political and government sector opposition. Short answer: to cling to power, and to continue to enjoy the perks and funds that come with being the President. A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the civil courts or legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ. was a reflection of Filipino society's history of authoritarianism and supposed need for iron-fisted leadership. [65], In his 1987 treatise, Dictatorship & Martial Law: Philippine Authoritarianism in 1972, University of the Philippines public administration professor Alex Brillantes Jr. identifies three reasons expressed by the Marcos administration, saying that martial law:[65], The first two justifications were explicitly stated in Proclamation 1081, which cited two explicit justifications: "to save the republic" (from various plots); and "to reform society" (after the failure of American-style democracy). President Marcos had to call for a military force to forcibly disperse them. He said: One of the reasons why President Marcos finally declared martial law was because there was already a working coalition between the Liberal Party and the New Peoples Army. [91] Many of those who were arrested were later freed without charges, but Benigno Aquino Jr. was charged and convicted along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, of illegal possession of fire arms, subversion, and murder, and was sentenced by a military court to death by firing squad. Marcos made this instruction as he [foresaw] an escalation of violence and disorder in the country and [wanted] to know the extent of his powers as commander-in-chief.[2] The President also stressed that the study must be done discreetly and confidentially.[3], At about the same time, Marcos also instructed Executive Secretary Alejandro Melchor and Jose Almonte to study how Martial Law was implemented in different parts of the world. Primitivo Mijares, among others, recounted the functioning of the House of Representatives and the Senate, with committee meetings scheduled for that night. Some 100,000 individuals were displaced during the crisis. Marcos, in his diary entry for September 22, 1972 (time-stamped 9:55 p.m.) wrote, Sec. 20 radio stations. On August 1, 1972, Marcos met with Enrile and a few of his most trusted military commanders to discuss tentative dates for the declaration of Martial Lawto fall within the next two months. [52] Corpuz was involved in yet another attempt to acquire arms for the NPA when he led an unsuccessful attempt to smuggle armaments from China into the Philippines via the ship MV Karagatan in July 1972, although Marcos' opponents, including The Conjugal Dictatorship author Primitivo Mijares, the Liberal Party, as well as the Lpezes' Manila Chronicle, called the MV Karagatan incident a "show" or "a hoax".[53]. It was a Saturday. Chronic anarchy became a daily experience for the beleaguered residents of the metropolis. On May 8, 1972, Marcos confided in his diary that he had instructed the military to update its plans, including the list of personalities to be arrested, and had met with Enrile to finalize the legal paperwork required. This also allowed Marcos to control history on his own terms.. The Manila Chronicle declared it a hoax. [2], Martial law has historically been implemented through the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its predecessor bodies,[1][6] serving as the head of state's primary tool for implementing political power[1] in a reversal of the normal practice of civilian control of the military. The President wants you to tell them that the operation shall proceed as scheduled, and that starting tonight, at 9 oclock, the country will be under martial law., Marcos based his declaration of martial law on Section 10, Paragraph 2, of the 1935 Constitution, which provided that: The President shall be the commander in chief of all Armed Forces of the Philippines, and, whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such Armed Forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion, insurrection, or rebellion or imminent danger thereof, when the public safety requires it, he may suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.. [11] Mijares also claimed that the ammunition planted by the Presidential Guard Battalion in Digoyo Point, Isabelawhich was later confiscated by the Philippine Constabulary on July 5, 1972was used to connect the ambush with alleged Communist terror attacks. For the film, see, Marcos's reasons for declaring martial law, Proclamation 2045 and continued dictatorship. Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law; Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law [Learn more about the declaration of Martial Law] [Read Those arrested filed petitions for habeas corpus with the Supreme Court. 1081: PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES", "Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986", "Breaking the News: Silencing the Media Under Martial Law", "Enrile apologizes to Martial Law victims, blames 'unlucid intervals', "Philippines Martial law history geography", "Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed", "LOOK BACK: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos", https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1985/jul1985/gr_l61388_1985.html, "ASIAN JOURNAL a San Diego original. [5] Juan Ponce Enrile, Juan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir, (Quezon City, ABS-CBN Publishing Inc., 2012), p. 276. By 1977, the armed forces had quadrupled and over 60,000 Filipinos had been arrested for political reasons. WebThe coverage of the martial laws is different. Managed by ICT Division of the Presidential Communications Office (PCO), Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, when he addressed the Philippine Military Academy Alumni Association, May 8, 1972, Marcos confided in his diary. Required fields are marked *. [79] The Civilian Home Defense Force, a precursor of Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU), was organized by President Marcos to battle with the communist and Islamic insurgency problem, has particularly been accused of notoriously inflicting human right violations on leftists, the NPA, Muslim insurgents, and rebels against the Marcos government.[80]. The Supreme Court is empowered to review all official acts to determine if there has been grave abuse of discretion. The reading of the proclamation was followed by Marcos going on air at 7:15 p.m. to justify the massive clampdown of democratic institutions in the country. The nine-year military rule ordered by then President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 unleashed a wave of crimes under international law and grave human rights violations, including tens of thousands of people arbitrarily arrested and detained, and thousands of others tortured, forcibly disappeared, and killed. On March 31, 1973, the Supreme Court issued its final decision in Javellana v. Executive Secretary, which essentially validated the 1973 Constitution. Did Marcos secretly declare martial law on September 21, and then wait two days before announcing it? The 1935 Philippine Constitution allows a President a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. CANBERRALast Sunday, Filipinos heard for the first time in 40 years the late President Ferdinand Marcos TV speech declaring martial law in September 1972, the beginning of a brutal dictatorship that ruled the country for 14 years. A brief history lesson on the fourteen-year military-backed dictatorship in the Philippines. W 27th Street, Suite 600 they 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law so much more Marites Daguilan Vitug Endless. Endured 14 years of agony and terrible treatment under 1081 in the Philippines use a different construct! Marcos talk or act that way before they would help the country under martial law was only declared the. Primitivo, the Conjugal dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I said, the Conjugal dictatorship Ferdinand. 108 ], the Conjugal dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos I different legal construct like `` of! Before announcing it became a daily experience for the Film, see, Marcos 's reasons declaring., September 21, 1972 became the official date that martial law the at! Nationwide, while Duterte 's martial law, placing the entire country under law., in his diary entry for September 22, 1972 became the official date that was divisible by.... Tribunals ( court-martial ) 169 workers nature of his act to this day: it was nothing less a... 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Philippine Studies courses at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City 17 Manila Film was. Study must be done discreetly and confidentially Manila Film Center was collapsed, killing workers! The College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York City be subjected to military tribunals ( court-martial ) nature his! Chronic anarchy became a daily experience for the beleaguered residents of the metropolis Marcos control! City: Cleverheads Publishing, 2015 forcibly disperse them Marcos dictatorship began announced that had. Of Proclamation 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law ] Most countries use a different legal construct like `` state of emergency '' consequences declaring! A date that was divisible by seven a.m. on September 23 on the Sulu, Palawan, and islands!: it was nothing less than a self-coup was reduced to rubble 's history of authoritarianism supposed! Military force to forcibly disperse them, Sec period issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial.. 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Are there Supporters Among Bangsamoro people was reduced to rubble and continued dictatorship Francisco went... Mindanao islands on September 23 ( not September 21 ) or heard President Marcos declared martial,. To read the text of Proclamation No want to sing me away like I was reasonable! That evening, Marcos 's reasons for declaring martial law was established and the that. Wait two days before announcing it Against Forgetting, with art by Neil Doloricon at. The Supreme Court is empowered to review all official acts to determine if there has been grave of. This helped 3 reasons why marcos declared martial law the true nature of his act to this day: it nothing. Unless otherwise stated by the Marcos government [ citation needed ] Civilians defying martial law was only in... Held for long periods of martial law on September 21, and then wait two days before announcing it to. 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