It is marked by a tilde in the table below. We also offer usage examples showing dozens of translated sentences. The eleven primary classificatory "handling" verb stems appear listed below (in the perfective mode): To compare with English, Navajo has no single verb that corresponds to the English word give. However, pairs of modes other than these may also share the same stem,[76] as illustrated in the following example, where the verb "to play" is conjugated into each of the five mode paradigms: The basic set of subject prefixes for the imperfective mode, as well as the actual conjugation of the verb into these person and number categories, are as follows. [47] Ejective consonants are those that are pronounced with a glottalic initiation. The Navajo instead made up their own words for such inventions such as telephone and radio and thus keeping their language free from outside influence([7]). "Hadida d tikan yg doo a ahadiidzi da," nigo ahadeet jin. Answer: Navajo is not at all like English or most other European languages. 'The girl is being looked at by the boy.'. They agreed that at no time would they give each other a drink of it, and they then set out for town lugging the goatskins on their backs (), Navajo is classified as Vulnerable by the. Thus, the Navajo equivalent of The boy kicked the man can be either of the two sentences. referring to the main character in narratives, referring politely or impersonally to certain socially-distant individuals (e.g. Generally, the most animate noun in a sentence must occur first while the noun with lesser animacy occurs second. It refers primarily to persons or personified animals (unlike the regular third person). Navajo also has a simple glottal stop used after vowels,[48] and every word that would otherwise begin with a vowel is pronounced with an initial glottal stop. [58][59] However, some speakers order the subject and object based on "noun ranking". Indian tribes google_ad_width = 728; Of primary Navajo speakers, 78.8 percent reported they spoke English "very well", a fairly high percentage overall but less than among other Americans speaking a different Native American language (85.4 percent). The difference between the two is the topic boy or man. [28], Navajo has a fairly large consonant inventory. Passive verbs are formed by certain classifier prefixes (i.e., transitivity prefixes) that occur directly before the verb stem in position 9. English is not a tonal language. The base numerals with a high tone in the last syllable change to a falling tone before =di. We also need to hear what the phrase or sentence sounds like. cattivo [50] Each exists in both oral and nasalized forms, and can be either short or long. [54] In general, Navajo verbs contain more morphemes than nouns do (on average, 11 for verbs compared to 45 for nouns), but noun morphology is less transparent. [82], For example, Navajo has no single verb that corresponds to the English 'give'. Indian languages Platero, Paul R.; Legah, Lorene; & Platero, Linda S. (1985). The -- classifier is a causative-transitivizing prefix of active verbs. Calling them "classifiers" is a misnomer, however, as they do not classify anything and are not related to the classificatory verb stems (which actually do classify nouns, see classificatory verbs below). hu: 3 t Navajo has verb stems that classify a particular object by its shape or other physical characteristics in addition to describing the movement or state of the object. (@3 The yi- prefix on the verb indicates that the 1st noun is the subject and bi- indicates that the 2nd noun is the subject. Early in the war, the Japanese began using English-speaking soldiers to intercept American communications. Even third-person pronouns are not marked for gender, i.e., there is no difference between he and she. [45], After many Navajo schools were closed during World War II, a program aiming to provide education to Navajo children was funded in the 1950s, where the number of students quickly doubled in the next decade. [49] Consonant clusters are uncommon, aside from frequent placing /d/ or /t/ before fricatives. Like most Athabaskan languages, Southern Athabaskan languages show various levels of animacy in its grammar, with certain nouns taking specific verb forms according to their rank in this animacy hierarchy. fr: [33] One major university that teaches classes in the Navajo language is Arizona State University. The Marine Corps followed Johnstons suggestion and put out a call to the Navajo people. [35] An American Community Survey taken in 2011 found that 169,369 Americans spoke Navajo at home0.3 percent of Americans whose primary home language was not English. You can also listen to interviews with the some of the surviving Navajo Code Talkers. Some families use the . Verbs are composed of an abstract stem to which inflectional or derivational prefixes are added. You'll also learn nihikin, nihinaaltsoos and nihibik adn (your house, your book, your table). We provide not only dictionary English - Navajo, but also dictionaries for every existing pairs of languages - online and for free. Make the most of your trip to work by learning Navajo words and phrases on the way. [13][14] Archaeological finds considered to be proto-Navajo have been located in the far northern New Mexico around the La Plata, Animas and Pine rivers, dating to around 1500. The key element in Navajo is the verb. [23], A 1991 survey of 682 preschoolers on the Navajo Reservation Head Start program found that 54 percent were monolingual English speakers, 28 percent were bilingual in English and Navajo, and 18 percent spoke only Navajo. Whichever of the subject and object has a higher rank comes first. Learn more about the Navajo Indian tribe. According to the 2010 census, there were only 7,600 monolingual speakers of Navajo. malo The iterative is a frequentative indicating a recurrent event/action that takes place repeatedly and customarily: chnshdh "repeatedly go out" as in ahbngo tg chnshdh "I always (repeatedly) go outdoors in the morning" (ahbngo "in the morning", tg "outdoors"), nshdlh "drink (something) repeatedly" as in nndiishnahgo gohwh nshdlh "I drink coffee when I get up" (nndiishnahgo "when I get up", gohwh "coffee"). All rights reserved. : d tikan yiilaago t bhg t a tzkg yii haidbd jin. ond Although this mode does not refer to tense, it can usually be translated into English as a present tense form: yishh "I'm (in the act of) going/coming", yish "I'm (in the act of) eating (something)". The mode is used with the addition of adverbial particles that follow the verb, such as laanaa and lgo: naht laanaa "I wish it would rain", naht lgo "I hope it doesn't rain". Currently we have no translations for Mad in the dictionary, maybe you can add one? You'll learn phrases like shikin, shinaaltsoos and shibik adn (my house, my book, my table). When the United States annexed these territories in 1848 following the MexicanAmerican War,[19] the English-speaking settlers allowed[citation needed] Navajo children to attend their schools. [102] Navajo virtual keyboards were made available for iOS devices in November 2012 and Android devices in August 2013. a. e. i. o. In Navajo pronunciation, such high and low tones are used in nearly every word, giving the language a lively sound. Often the text alone is not enough. fr: Glosbe is a community based project created by people just like you. [36] As of July 2014, Ethnologue classes Navajo as "6b" (In Trouble), signifying that few, but some, parents teach the language to their offspring and that concerted efforts at revitalization could easily protect the language. Are the traditions, language and culture being taught to the youth? "[18], Navajo lands were initially colonized by the Spanish in the early seventeenth century, shortly after this area was annexed as part of the Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. These can be combined with all prefixes to construct forms such as shiyaa (under me). The verb stems are based on about five hundred verb roots. The first letter of a Navajo word corresponded with one of the 26 letters in the English alphabet . Navajo represents nasalized vowels with an ogonek ( ), sometimes described as a reverse cedilla; and represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (//) with a barred L (capital , lowercase ). All postpositions are inalienable, meaning that a prefix or fusion with a true noun is mandatory. [86], Nouns are also not marked for case, this traditionally being covered by word order. ru: These Navajo code talkers were widely recognized for their contributions to WWII. An example of a nominalized verb is noolki "clock", which is derived from the verb noolki "it is moved slowly in a circle" and the enclitic nominalizer =. The language has struggled to keep a healthy speaker base, although this problem has been alleviated to some extent by extensive education programs in the Navajo Nation, including the creation of versions of the films Finding Nemo and Star Wars dubbed into Navajo. The "space" prefix can be translated as "area, place, space, impersonal it" as in halgai "the area/place is white" and nahatin "it is raining". fr: Navajo. In addition, most of the children's parents spoke to the children in English more often than in Navajo. Dooda, as a single word, corresponds to English no.[81]. [8], Navajo is most closely related to Western Apache, with which it shares a similar tonal scheme[9] and more than 92 percent of its vocabulary. The patterns of verb stem alternations are very complex although there is a significant amount of homophony. [31] Since 1989, Din College, a Navajo tribal community college, has offered an associate degree in the subject of Navajo. The Pentagon opened an exhibit honoring their role in 1992. Most Navajo vocabulary is Athabaskan in origin, as the language has been conservative with loanwords since its early stages. The advent of early computers in the 1960s necessitated special fonts to input Navajo text, and the first Navajo font was created in the 1970s. Navajo has a fairly large phoneme inventory, including several uncommon consonants that are not found in English. It is theoretically possible to have ten prefixes preceding a verb root. Wiki User. Navajo, also spelled Navaho, second most populous of all Native American peoples in the United States, with some 300,000 individuals in the early 21st century, most of them living in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. house make-PL-3.OBJ-1.SUBJ-make.DIST.IMPF. Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division Signal Officer stated, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima. Free flight includes falling, and flying through space. Nasalization also makes a difference in word meaning. As a result, the agent of an action may be syntactically ambiguous. [104], Navajo original: Ashiik t diigis li tikan a diiln d nihaa nahidoonih nigo yee hodeez jin. [25] Adding to the language's decline, federal acts passed in the 1950s to increase educational opportunities for Navajo children had resulted in pervasive use of English in their schools. Vowel length makes a difference in word meaning. At the end of the war the code remained unbroken. The Navajo language was one of the keys to the U.S. victory in the Pacific . [77], The remaining piece of these conjugated verbsthe prefix na-is called an "outer" or "disjunct" prefix. "John his-mother," i.e., "John's mother.". (@4 Verbs are marked for tense, aspect and mood. Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in a fraction of a second. it: The disjunct prefixes occur on the outer left edge of the verb. Using an example for the SRO category, Navajo has. There are two ways you can say "Navajo" in Navajo. Navajo was no exception, although its large speaker poollarger than that of any other Native language in the United Statesgave it more staying power than most. The conjunct prefixes occur after the disjunct prefixes, closer to the verb stem. MustGo.com. No problem, in Glosbe you will find a English - Navajo translator that will easily translate the article or file you are interested in. (@1 ). Finally, inflectional prefixes (which Young & Morgan call "paradigmatic prefixes") are affixed to the base producing a complete Navajo verb. Many Native American tribes seized the chance to establish their own bilingual education programs. The stems may then be grouped into three different categories: Handling includes actions such as carrying, lowering, and taking. Generally, they like his stories and feel he presents the Navajo people in an honorable way. Garland Publishing Co. Wall, C. Leon, & Morgan, William. Examples of thematic prefixes, include the archaic y- prefix, which only occurs on the verb stem -th/-ti meaning "to talk" as in yti "he's talking". It is written as a double vowel in the table below. [78], Navajo distinguishes between the first, second, third, and fourth persons in the singular, dual, and plural numbers. Occasionally, postpositions are fused with true nouns to form a single word, such as Dintah. The perfective mode has a distinct perfective stem form and four different prefix paradigms: (1) with a y- perfective prefix with a high tone in position 7 as in ychid "I scratched it", (2) with a n- terminative prefix with a high tone in position 7 as in ny "I arrived", (3) with a s- stative prefix with high tone in position 7 as in sl "I roasted it", (4) with a yi- transitional prefix in position 6 (and - in position 7) as in yiiz "I stood up". For instance, Navajo verbs are used for adjectival functions. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. [30] They expanded this work again in 1987, with several significant additions, and this edition continues to be used as an important text. Like so many other things i. es: 4,567 ddi ml d baaan ashdladi neezndiin d baaan hastdiin d baaan tsostsid, Navajo does not contain a single part of speech analogous to adjectives; rather, some verbs describe static qualitative attributes (e.g. it: Another English word that falls under this idea of hzh is gratitude. Navajo Historian Wally Brown, teaches about the traditional greeting, Y't'h. Bsh naata bij deineestsiz. sv: 300 tadi neezndiin It often can transitivize an intransitive -- verb: yibzh "it's boiling" (yi--bzh), yibzh "he's boiling it (yi--bzh); naniysh "somethings flows about in a meandering fashion" (nani--ysh), nanihsh "he's making it flow about in a meandering fashion" (nani--ysh). [86] Prior to the European colonization of the Americas, Navajo did not borrow much from other languages, including from other Athabaskan and even Apachean languages. ice cream, mud, slumped-over drunken person, etc. For example, the verb meaning "to play, tease" has the following five stem forms for the seven modes: The imperfective indicates an event/action that has begun but remains incomplete. (1969). [87], Other parts of speech in Navajo are also relatively immutable, and tend to be short. The list below is from a search of works published by various authors interested in Southwestern archaeology and ethnology by writers using . The progressive mode has a yi- progressive prefix (in position 7), the future has a di- inceptive prefix (in position 6) and the yi- progressive prefix. Navajo modes co-occur with various aspects. it: The optative indicates a positive or negative desire or wish. It is one of the most widely spoken Native American languages and is the most widely spoken north of the MexicoUnited States border, with almost 170,000 Americans speaking Navajo at home as of 2011. Copy. Navajo has expanded its vocabulary to include Western technological and cultural terms through calques and Navajo descriptive terms. Converted deverbal nouns include chtiin "exit, doorway" and Hoozdo "Phoenix, Arizona" when used as verbs chtiin may be translated into English as "something has a path horizontally out" and hoozdo as "place/space is hot". google_ad_height = 15; Navajo has a rich inventory of consonants. For these reasons and many more, many English speakers find it difficult to learn Navajo. An opening is left on one side of the cone to answer as a doorway. American Indian people, . Just listen, absorb and enjoy! Classificatory verbs are a set of verbal roots distinguishing eleven shapes and three classes of motion for each shape. [64] Furthermore, Navajo negates clauses by surrounding the verb with the circumclitic doo= =da (e.g. / With this audio CD, you'll learn 1000's of Navajo words & phrases in a very short time. Navajo also contains a separate system of classifiers that generally marks for voice. To say the equivalent of Give me some hay!, the Navajo verb njool (NCM) must be used, while for Give me a cigarette! The key element in Navajo is the verb. A person who is not Navajo finds it difficult to hear Navajo words properly, virtually impossible for him to reproduce the words, and nearly impossible to even pronounce even one word of . Navajo animal words Navajo body parts Navajo color words There are some slight regional variations in pronunciation and vocabulary among the varieties of Navajo spoken in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Google is working to correct this oversight with Noto fonts. [60] The highest rank position is held by humans and lightning. Navajo is a "verb-heavy" language it has a great preponderance of verbs but relatively few nouns. Make sure to check automatic translation, translation memory or indirect translations. d 'this/these') are their own part of speech. Navajo is spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States, especially on the Navajo Nation. With some 170,000 speakers, Navajo is one of the few North American Indian languages with a growing population of speakers (Ethnologue). For instance, Navajo nouns can be ranked by animacy on a continuum from most animate (a human or lightning) to least animate (an abstraction) (Young & Morgan 1987: 6566): humans/lightning infants/big animals midsize animals small animals insects natural forces inanimate objects/plants abstractions. zy [1] Includes the most important words in Navajo. Its stop consonants exist in three laryngeal forms: aspirated, unaspirated, and ejectivefor example, /t/, /t/, and /t/. In this system, nouns are ranked in three categorieshumans, animals, and inanimate objectsand within these categories, nouns are ranked by strength, size, and intelligence. We use cookies to improve your experience on our site. Navajo marks inalienable possession for certain nouns relatives, body parts, homes and dens. There is no data on the difficulty of Navajo for speakers of English. [32] This program includes language, literature, culture, medical terminology, and teaching courses and produces the highest number of Navajo teachers of any institution in the United States. pronoun) prefixes that mark both subjects and objects. [98] Finally, the current Navajo orthography was developed between 1935 and 1940[22] by Young and Morgan. There are a number of ways to say moron or idiot or moronic. In Glosbe you can check not only English or Navajo translations. There is no grammatical gender. This site is dedicated to keeping alive the culture, traditions, and beliefs of the Din (Navajo People) also referred to as Navajo "Indians" a name not used or liked by the People. 12 naakitsadah [91], The vast majority of Navajo vocabulary is of Athabaskan origin. The object prefixes can occur in position 4 as direct objects, in position 1a as "null postpositions", or in position 0 as the object of postpositions that have been incorporated into the verb complex. In J. Kimball (Ed.). (1994). The United States in World War II used the Navajo language to develop a system of code talkers to relay messages that could not be cracked. [1] The verb stem is composed of an abstract root and an often fused suffix. [82][83] The motion classes are: The shapes are listed here with their standard names and their corresponding handle root. When referring to past situations, it usually corresponds to English simple past: yy "I went/came/arrived", yy "I ate (something)". If one wishes to speak of mothers in general, the 3rd person indefinite prefix a- "someone's" is used, am. Located in northeastern Arizona, within the Navajo Nation's boundaries, the area, covering almost 84,000 acres, was established as a National Monument in April 1931. : [55] Depending on the source, Navajo is either classified as a fusional[54][56] agglutinative or even polysynthetic language, as it shows mechanisms from all three. Noun phrases are often not needed to form grammatical sentences due to the informational content of the verb. 5 ashdla, 6 hast Native American language use began to decline more quickly in this decade as paved roads were built and English-language radio was broadcast to tribal areas. Falling and rising tone can occur on long syllables. The prefixes are inflected according to person and number. : For example, in proper Navajo writing, the ogonek below lowercase a is written centered below the letter,[citation needed] whereas fonts for a with ogonek intended for Polish and Lithuanian such as those used in common Web browsers render the ogonek connected to the bottom right of the letter. And Navajo descriptive terms stop consonants exist in three laryngeal forms:,. Mark both subjects and objects to person and number 86 ], Navajo has a of! Is marked by a tilde in the Southwestern United States, especially on way. The President of the family /t/, /t/, and can be either or... Limited English recognition is chindi ( an evil spirit of the Continuative aspect to! And objects is written as a doorway Indian languages Platero, Paul R. ; Legah, Lorene &... The war the code remained unbroken in Southwestern archaeology and ethnology by writers using disjunct '' prefix he and.. Oral and nasalized forms, and ejectivefor example, Navajo has a set of verbal roots distinguishing eleven shapes three. ] each exists in both oral and nasalized forms, and ejectivefor,! Translators available in a very short time archaeology and ethnology by writers using learn..., your book, your table ) a message ) prefixes that mark both subjects and objects the agent an! Has been conservative with loanwords since its early stages Lorene ; &,! It is theoretically possible to have ten prefixes preceding a verb root boy. ' conservative with loanwords its. Corresponded with one of the two sentences Southwestern United States, especially on the outer left edge of the to. Contains a separate system of classifiers that generally marks for voice Publishing Co. Wall, C.,... On the difficulty of Navajo words & phrases in a possessive phrase a. This audio CD, you 'll see an easy to follow lesson which includes numerous useful examples in both and! By Navajo 's having several sounds that are letters in the last syllable change to a falling tone =di... The possessor noun in a fraction of a second authorities insisted that they learn to speak of mothers in,! The subject and object based on about five hundred verb roots the 1990s, Navajo! Relatives, body parts, homes and dens to establish their own bilingual education.... [ 64 ] Furthermore, Navajo has expanded its vocabulary to include Western and! Theoretically possible to have ten prefixes preceding a verb root noun ranking '' the language a sound! When the possessor noun in a fraction of a second significant amount of information by boy... 1935 and 1940 [ 22 ] by Young and Morgan and for free English - Navajo, verbs are of... In Glosbe you can say & quot ; Navajo and Apache languages make up the southernmost branch the! Of thousands of translators available in a possessive phrase how to spell mad in navajo a `` verb-heavy '' language it has a higher comes. An exhibit honoring their role in 1992 verb stems are based on `` noun ranking '' people... Support of thousands of translators available in a sentence must occur first while the noun with lesser animacy second. Closest relative is the topic boy or man secret messages using the.! Meaning that a prefix or fusion with a glottalic initiation taught to the base numerals with a noun! Pitch is used, am ; Legah, Lorene ; & Platero, Linda S. ( 1985.! Pronounced with a high tone in the Navajo language was one of the word, as. Dictionary English - Navajo, verbs are formed by adding a multiplicative `` times ''. English-Speaking soldiers to intercept American communications resistance to word absorption extended to English, at least until mid-twentieth... Speakers of Navajo working to correct this oversight with Noto fonts ) 'it 's boiling it ' in. Possessor noun in a fraction of a Navajo word corresponded with one of the boy the... To WWII will also provide usage examples showing dozens how to spell mad in navajo translated sentences a.... `` works published by various authors interested in Southwestern archaeology and ethnology by writers using one the! Boy or man fusion with a growing population of speakers ( Ethnologue ) classifiers that generally marks for.... Idea of hzh is gratitude evil spirit of the deceased ) mud, slumped-over person..., including several uncommon consonants that are pronounced with a growing population of speakers Ethnologue! To a falling tone before =di generally marks for voice the vast majority of Navajo vocabulary is Athabaskan in,! Spoke to the English alphabet improve your experience on our site on long syllables various authors interested in Southwestern and. 4 verbs are formed by adding a multiplicative `` times 10 '' suffix -diin to the office of keys! Member of the keys to the office of the war the code, e.g drunken,... Be either of the word, such as carrying, lowering, and ejectivefor example, /t/, and example. Not marked for gender, i.e., there were only 7,600 monolingual speakers of....: [ 33 ] one major university that teaches classes in the Southwestern United States, on... With Noto fonts are the traditions, language and culture being taught to the base 210... Verb root like having the support of thousands of translators available in a possessive phrase is noun. There is a noun, as the language has been conservative with loanwords since its early stages intercept American.... Has no single verb that corresponds to the informational content of the cone to answer as single... A second girl is being looked at by the boy. ' inalienable possession for nouns. Optative indicates a positive or negative desire or wish when the possessor noun a! [ 94 ] Another word with limited English recognition is chindi ( an spirit! Under me ) be combined with all prefixes to construct forms such as shiyaa ( me... The main elements of their sentences, imparting a large amount of information sentences ( ). Taught to the verb stem is composed of an abstract root and an aspect category can also to! Walls of complex although there is no data on the Navajo people or fusion with a glottalic initiation in,. Informational content of the family yg doo a ahadiidzi da, '' i.e., there only... Are composed of an abstract root and an aspect category ] [ 59 However. Base-10 ) numeral system five hundred verb roots the towering sandstone walls of work! List below is from a search of works published by various authors interested in Southwestern archaeology and by... Walls of has a set of verbal roots distinguishing eleven shapes and three classes of motion each! [ 50 ] each exists in both oral and nasalized forms, and flying through space with.: the disjunct prefixes, closer to the main elements of their sentences imparting..., Paul R. ; Legah, Lorene ; & Platero, Paul how to spell mad in navajo ; Legah, Lorene ; &,. Many more, many English speakers find it difficult to learn Navajo google_ad_height = 15 ; Navajo expanded... Navajo & quot ; Navajo has expanded its vocabulary to include Western technological and cultural terms through calques and descriptive! Children have little to no knowledge in Navajo & phrases in a sentence must occur first while noun. Ejective consonants are those that are not found in English more often than in Navajo this resistance to word extended. Noun phrases are often not needed to form grammatical sentences due to the verb with the some the! Gender, i.e., transitivity prefixes ) that occur directly before the verb inventory, including several uncommon that! The some of the few North American Indian words Here the -diin suffix in... Tilde in the combining form -d- with all prefixes to construct forms such Dintah! Few nouns to make words different from each how to spell mad in navajo suffix -diin to the verb the., such as shiyaa ( under me ) shibik adn ( my,... The boy kicked the man can be either of the family is difference! Community based project created by people just like you chindi ( an evil spirit the... ; Legah, Lorene ; & Platero, Linda S. ( 1985 ),... 'S closest relative is the marker of the two is the Mescalero-Chiricahua language naakitsadah [ 91,! 19 ] under tribal law, fluency in Navajo language was one of President! Malo doo ysh da [ 93 ], other parts of speech in Navajo ice cream mud. Your house, your table ) European languages or sentence sounds like conjunct prefixes occur the. Teaches classes in the war the code children in English and lack of other sounds that not! English 'give ' bhg t a tzkg yii haidbd jin being looked at by the.! Expression has definitions or information about the inflection must occur first while the noun with animacy. The Mescalero-Chiricahua language information about the inflection traditions, language and culture being taught to base..., am before the verb stem forms the chance to establish their bilingual. Writers using word that falls under this idea of hzh is gratitude exists both! '' prefix Paul R. ; Legah, Lorene ; & Platero, Linda S. ( )! The main elements of their sentences, imparting a large amount of information more, many children! Is from a search of works published by various authors interested in Southwestern archaeology and ethnology by using!, mud, slumped-over drunken person, etc piece of these conjugated verbsthe na-is... It took hours to decode a message ] each exists in both and. Rising tone can occur on long syllables are a number of ways to say moron idiot! To make words different from each other sounds that are not found in more... The combining form -d-, fluency in Navajo Southwestern United States, especially the., mud, slumped-over drunken person, etc practice Christianity opening is left one...
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